Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (LIED)选举民主词汇指数 (LIED)

The Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (LIED) codes whether a country held competitive multi-party elections each year. The core index, lexical_index, runs 0–6 and aggregates four components: male suffrage, female suffrage, multi-party legislative elections, and whether the executive is elected in competitive elections. The extended index, lexical_index_plus (0–7), additionally incorporates political liberties. Higher values indicate more electoral democracy. The panel covers 1789–2025 for every country-year in the dataset and includes both sovereign and non-sovereign periods; ISO3 codes are derived from Correlates of War country codes, with historical states mapped to their successor ISO3 code.

选举民主词汇指数 (LIED) 逐年编码一国是否举行竞争性的多党选举。核心指数 lexical_index 取值 0–6，汇总四个子项：男性普选权、女性普选权、多党议会选举，以及行政长官是否经竞争性选举产生。扩展指数 lexical_index_plus 取值 0–7，额外纳入政治自由。数值越高代表选举民主程度越高。面板覆盖 1789–2025 年数据集中全部国家—年份（含主权与非主权时期）；ISO3 由Correlates of War 国家代码转换而来，历史政权映射到其继承国的 ISO3。