Risk intelligence · lifecycle view风险情报 · 企业全生命周期视角
Risk Politics Analysis Databases风险政治分析数据库
A risk-oriented view of 56 datasets, organized around five stages of overseas business operations—from market entry and political instability to policy shocks, political-social pressure, and constrained exit.以企业海外经营生命周期为主线组织 56 个风险数据集，覆盖市场准入、政局失稳、政策突变、政社夹击和退出受阻，并提供适用于全生命周期的综合风险指标。
These are cross-indexed entries from the Dataset Library. A dataset may appear under multiple risk dimensions when it supports more than one analytical use.本页面是对经典数据集库的风险维度交叉索引；当同一数据集服务于多种风险分析用途时，会出现在多个风险维度中。
Market-entry barriers — companies cannot get in第一阶段：准入受阻，企业“进不去”
Risks that obstruct market access before capital, technology, and supply chains can be deployed.识别资本、技术与供应链进入东道国市场之前面临的制度性与地缘政治障碍。
Investment security screening投资安全审查风险
Compare foreign-investment screening regimes and sector-level entry restrictions.比较外国投资审查制度及行业层面的准入限制。
OECD FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index经合组织外商直接投资监管限制指数
International Political Economy & Globalization国际政治经济与全球化
This dataset is the OECD FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index (FDIRRI) for 2023, covering multiple OECD and partner economies. The index quantifies legal and regulatory barriers to foreign direct investment across 22 economic sectors, measuring four types of restrictions: foreign equity caps, screening mechanisms, limits on key foreign personnel, and other operational constraints. Index scores range from 0 (fully open to foreign capital) to 1 (fully closed), with the aggregate national total index weighted by sectoral economic output to reflect overall investment openness of a country.本数据集为经合组织 2023 年外商直接投资监管限制指数（FDIRRI），覆盖多个 OECD 成员国及伙伴经济体。该指数量化 22 个经济行业的外资准入法律监管壁垒，从外资持股限制、投资审查、外籍核心人员管控、其他运营限制四大维度测算得分；指数取值区间 0 至 1，数值越高代表外资准入壁垒越高。各国总指数依据各行业经济权重加权计算，用于综合衡量一国整体外商投资开放水平，是国际政治经济、外资管制领域主流量化数据库。
PRISM Investment Screening Mechanisms DatasetPRISM 外国投资审查机制数据
International Political Economy & Globalization国际政治经济与全球化
PRISM's ISM time-series file records investment-screening rules in OECD countries. The core panel covers 2007-2023; the source additionally contains three partial 2024 observations for France, Ireland, and Sweden. Each row is a country-year. has_screening_mechanism equals 1 when the source reports one or more mechanisms and 0 when it reports zero; missing values are never converted to zero. Selected companion fields describe mechanism count, legal changes, call-in power, and coverage.PRISM 的 ISM 时间序列文件记录 OECD 国家的外国投资审查规则。核心完整面板覆盖 2007-2023 年；源表另包含法国、爱尔兰和瑞典 3 条 2024 年部分记录。每行为一个国家-年份。has_screening_mechanism 在源数据报告一项或多项机制时为 1，报告零项时为 0；缺失值不被转换为 0。页面同时保留机制数量、法律变更、政府主动调查权和覆盖范围等核心维度。
Technology blockade & export controls技术封锁与出口管制
Trace sanctions and technology restrictions that can block cross-border operations.追踪可能阻断跨境经营的制裁与技术限制。
US Consolidated Screening List (Export Controls)美国综合出口管制清单
International Relations, Diplomacy & IOs国际关系、外交与国际组织
The Consolidated Screening List combines the U.S. government's export-control and sanctions screening lists (Entity List, Denied Persons, SDN, Debarred, and others) into a single registry of restricted parties. Each row is an individual, company, or vessel subject to license requirements or prohibitions.美国综合出口管制清单将出口管制与制裁相关的多份名单（实体清单、拒绝人员、SDN、除名清单等）汇总为一个受限主体登记册。每一行是一个受许可要求或禁令约束的个人、企业或船只，是衡量技术封锁与市场准入风险的一手指标。
Global Sanctions Database (GSDB), Release 4全球制裁数据库（GSDB）第 4 版
International Relations, Diplomacy & IOs国际关系、外交与国际组织
GSDB Release 4 records sanctions imposed by sender actors on target actors. This compact hosted view is built from the official case-level file and retains one observation per sanction case-sender-target combination, using the official begin and end years. Explicit comma-separated sender or target lists are split into actors; named multilateral organizations and collective groups remain single actors because the case file identifies them collectively. The annual dyad-year expansion is not included.GSDB 第 4 版记录制裁发起方与目标方之间的制裁关系。本页使用官方案例级文件，每行为一个“制裁案例—发起方—目标方”组合，并直接保留官方起止年份。明确列举的多发起方或多目标方名单已拆分；以国际组织或集合性集团名义记录的行为体仍作为单一节点保留。页面不再展开逐年 dyad-year 记录。
Supply-chain weaponization供应链武器化
Measure trade dependence, value-chain exposure, and vulnerable product links.测量贸易依赖、价值链敞口与脆弱产品环节。
Atlas of Economic Complexity — Trade Indicators (HS92, 1995–2024)经济复杂度地图集 — 贸易指标 (HS92, 1995–2024)
International Political Economy & Globalization国际政治经济与全球化
The Atlas of Economic Complexity provides international trade data based on UN COMTRADE, cleaned via the Bustos-Yildirim method. This dataset aggregates bilateral HS92 trade flows to country-year level, covering 232 economies from 1995 to 2024.经济复杂度地图集提供基于 UN COMTRADE 的国际双边贸易数据，经 Bustos-Yildirim 方法清洗。本数据集将 HS92 分类的双边贸易流汇总至国家-年份层面，覆盖 232 个经济体，时间跨度为 1995–2024 年。
Trade in Value Added (TiVA) 2025 edition: Principal Indicators, sharesOECD 贸易增加值（TiVA）
International Political Economy & Globalization国际政治经济与全球化
Trade in Value Added (TiVA) is a collection of measures that provide insights into global production networks and supply chains beyond conventional trade statistics. TiVA tracks the origins of value added in exports, imports and final demand. The present edition provides indicators for 80 economies (as well as regional aggregates), 50 economic activities based on ISIC Rev. 4 (as well as industry groups) and covers the time-period 1995-2022.增加值贸易（TiVA）是一套指标体系，相较于传统贸易统计，它能更深入地剖析全球生产网络与供应链格局。TiVA 追踪出口、进口及最终需求中增加值的来源。本版数据库涵盖 80 个经济体（含区域汇总数据）、基于国际标准产业分类第 4 版（ISIC Rev.4）划分的 50 个行业（含行业大类），数据时间跨度为 1995 至 2022 年。
UN Comtrade — Reporter–World TradeUN Comtrade 报告国对世界贸易
International Political Economy & Globalization国际政治经济与全球化
Directed reporter–World trade values from UN Comtrade for 13 major economies, 2015–2022. Export flows point reporter→World, import flows point World→reporter, and the weight is total trade value in USD (all HS chapters summed).来自 UN Comtrade 的报告国对世界（World）有向贸易额，覆盖 13 个主要经济体，2015–2022 年。出口流向为 报告国→World，进口流向为 World→报告国，权重为美元计总贸易额（各 HS 章节加总）。
WITS TRAINS — MFN Applied TariffsWITS TRAINS 最惠国适用关税
International Political Economy & Globalization国际政治经济与全球化
Country-year panel of the simple-average Most-Favoured-Nation (MFN) applied tariff, built from the World Bank WITS / UNCTAD TRAINS product-line tariff files (ad-valorem equivalents included). Each observation is a reporting economy in a given year; the value is the unweighted mean of the applied tariff across all HS product lines reported that year.各国-年度最惠国（MFN）适用关税简单平均面板，来自世界银行 WITS / UNCTAD TRAINS 的产品线级关税数据（含从价等值 AVE）。每个观测为某报告经济体在某一年，其数值为该年所有 HS 产品线适用关税的算术平均。
Institutional bloc formation制度阵营化风险
Identify alliance and trade-agreement structures that divide markets into competing blocs.识别将市场分割为竞争阵营的同盟与贸易协定结构。
Alliance Treaty Obligations and Provisions (ATOP), Version 5.1联盟条约义务与条款数据库（ATOP）第 5.1 版
International Relations, Diplomacy & IOs国际关系、外交与国际组织
ATOP records formal military alliances. This conservative hosted view pairs distinct COW-coded members only when their official member spells overlap within the same ATOPID and PHASE. Each row is one continuous unordered membership dyad interval. ATOP's official obligation files were reviewed, but obligation fields are omitted because none can be assigned reliably to a single alliance-phase dyad when partner-specific obligations or multiple shared alliances occur. COW node keys remain distinct from modern ISO3 values, which are supplied only for visualization.ATOP 记录正式军事联盟。本页采用保守的成员关系视图：仅在同一 ATOPID 与 PHASE 内两个 COW 编码成员的官方成员有效期存在交集时生成无序国家对，每行为一段连续有效区间。经核查官方联盟、联盟阶段、成员、dyad-year 与 directed-dyad-year 文件，现有义务变量无法在存在伙伴差异或多重共享联盟时可靠下推到单一联盟阶段国家对，因此正式页面不展示义务字段。网络节点使用原始 COW code，现代 ISO3 仅作可视化辅助。
Design of Trade Agreements (DESTA), Version 2.3贸易协定设计数据库（DESTA）第 2.3 版
International Political Economy & Globalization国际政治经济与全球化
DESTA records the design of preferential trade agreements. This registry contains one row per formal base_treaty identifier; base entries provide agreement identity, dates, and members at signature, while available consolidated entries supply the latest consolidated market-access type. Five delivered groups lack a formal base entry and are explicitly flagged; their earliest available entry is used as the canonical row. Agreement type and institutional depth use DESTA's published codes.DESTA 系统编码优惠贸易协定的制度设计。本名录以正式 base_treaty 为单位，每行一项协定；协定名称、日期和签署时成员取自 base entry，如有 consolidated entry，制度深度取其合并后编码。交付文件中有 5 个分组缺少正式 base entry，已逐行标记并保守采用最早可用 entry。协定类型与制度深度均使用 DESTA 正式变量。
UNGA Voting Ideal Points (Bailey-Strezhnev-Voeten)联合国大会投票理想点 (Bailey-Strezhnev-Voeten)
International Relations, Diplomacy & IOs国际关系、外交与国际组织
This dataset provides annual ideal-point estimates for virtually all UN member states from 1946 to 2023, derived from roll-call voting records in the UN General Assembly (UNGA). Using a dynamic Bayesian item-response theory (IRT) model, each country-year is assigned a latent position on a single dimension: higher values indicate alignment with the United States and Western democracies, while lower values indicate alignment with the developing-world consensus. The dataset also reports bilateral voting-agreement scores with major powers (US, China, Russia).本数据集利用联合国大会（UNGA）历届记名投票，通过动态贝叶斯项目反应理论（IRT）模型，估计 1946-2023 年几乎所有联合国会员国的年度理想点（ideal point）。理想点值越高，表明该国立场越接近美国及西方民主国家；值越低，则表明更趋近于发展中国家阵营共识。数据集同时提供各国与美国、中国、俄罗斯的双边投票一致度（Agreement Score）。
Data & digital sovereignty数据与数字主权风险
Quantify data-localization rules and barriers to digitally enabled trade.量化数据本地化规则与数字贸易壁垒。
Digital Trade Restrictiveness IndexECIPE 数字贸易限制指数（DTRI）
International Political Economy & Globalization国际政治经济与全球化
The Digital Trade Restrictiveness Index (DTRI) measures how countries in the world restrict digital trade. The DTRI is based on a wide spectrum of digital trade policies covering more than 100 policy measures across 64 countries worldwide. The index is the first global initiative to provide transparency of applied digital trade restrictions and sheds light on how countries compare with each other. The index is based on the Digital Trade Estimates (DTE), a database that ECIPE has developed and that is freely available for anyone to use.数字贸易限制指数（DTRI）用于衡量各国对数字贸易设置的壁垒程度。该指数涵盖全球 64 个经济体、逾百项数字贸易相关政策，覆盖范围十分广泛。作为全球首个同类量化评估工具，它清晰量化各国现行数字贸易监管限制，直观呈现各国政策松紧差异。指数依托欧洲国际政治经济中心（ECIPE）自主搭建的数字贸易测算数据库（DTE）编制，该数据库面向公众免费开放使用。
The OECD Digital Services Trade Restrictiveness Index经合组织数字服务贸易限制指数
International Political Economy & Globalization国际政治经济与全球化
The OECD Digital STRI identifies, catalogues and quantifies barriers that affect trade in digitally enabled services across 129 countries. It provides policy makers with an evidence-based tool that helps to identify regulatory bottlenecks, design policies that foster more competitive and diversified markets for digital trade, and analyze the impact of policy reforms. The OECD Digital STRI captures cross-cutting impediments that affect all types of services traded digitally. As a stand-alone instrument, it complements the OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI).经合组织数字服务贸易限制指数梳理、归类并量化全球 129 个经济体的数字服务贸易壁垒。该指数为政策制定者提供实证分析工具，便于识别监管堵点、制定政策以培育更具竞争力与多元化的数字贸易市场，并评估各类政策改革带来的影响。数字服务贸易限制指数聚焦适用于所有数字化服务贸易的通用性监管障碍，作为独立分析工具，它是经合组织服务贸易限制指数的补充配套指标。
Political instability — companies cannot stand firm第二阶段：政局失稳，企业“站不稳”
Event and institutional indicators for conflict, regime breakdown, unrest, terrorism, and transport disruption.从事件与制度层面监测冲突、政权失稳、社会动荡、恐怖主义和关键通道中断。
Interstate war & regional conflict国际战争与地区冲突
Locate and compare armed-conflict events across countries and time.定位并比较跨国家、跨时期的武装冲突事件。
UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict DatasetUCDP/PRIO 武装冲突数据集
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset records armed conflicts worldwide, 1946–present, where at least one party is a government and annual battle-related deaths reach at least 25. Each row is a conflict-year, capturing the fighting parties, conflict type (interstate, intrastate, internationalized intrastate, extrasystemic), intensity (minor/war), and incompatibility (territory/government).UCDP/PRIO 武装冲突数据集记录 1946 年至今全球范围内至少一方为政府且年度战斗死亡人数达到 25 人的武装冲突。每行为一个冲突-年观测，涵盖参战方、冲突类型（国家间/国内/国际化国内/殖民）、强度（小规模/战争）与争端性质（领土/政府），是冲突定量研究中最广泛使用的权威数据来源。
COW War & Militarized Interstate Disputes (Dyadic MID)COW 国家间战争与军事化国家间争端（双边 MID）
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
This hosted dataset prepares the Correlates of War dyadic Militarized Interstate Disputes data for interactive network visualization. Each row is an initiator-to-target dyad-year for a militarized dispute between states, covering the included file's 1816-2014 span. The original dyadic MID file is directed and lists both orientations of each dyad; this hosted version keeps the dyad-role orientation from source to target to avoid double-counting in the network.本数据集将 Correlates of War 的双边军事化国家间争端数据整理为可视化平台可读取的双边网络格式。每一行代表某一年中一个“发起/施压方 -> 目标方”的国家双边争端观测，原始文件覆盖 1816-2014 年。原始 dyadic MID 文件会为同一双边关系列出正反两个方向；本清洗版本保留 dyad role 中的发起方到目标方方向，以避免网络图和配对表重复计数。
Armed Conflict Location & Event Data (ACLED)武装冲突地点与事件数据项目
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
ACLED codes global political violence and protest events in real-time from news and reports. This country-year summary aggregates events by country and year for trend analysis. Used for conflict exposure assessment near overseas project sites.ACLED从新闻和报告中实时编码全球政治暴力与抗议事件。此为国家—年份汇总数据，用于趋势分析和热点监测。可用于海外项目所在地冲突暴露评估和安全态势监测。
Regime instability政权不稳定风险
Assess democratic erosion, election risk, and the resilience of political regimes.评估民主倒退、选举风险与政治体制韧性。
Powell & Thyne Coup d'état DatasetPowell & Thyne 政变数据集
International Relations, Diplomacy & IOs国际关系、外交与国际组织
The Powell & Thyne Coup d'état Dataset records coup events worldwide, 1950–present. A coup is defined as an illegal seizure of power against the incumbent executive by actors within the state apparatus. Each event captures the date, country, and whether the coup was successful or attempted/failed.Powell & Thyne 政变数据集记录 1950 年至今全球范围内的政变事件——即国家机构内部行为者对在任行政首脑发动的非法夺权企图。每个事件包含日期、国家及政变结果（成功/未遂），是研究非常规领导更替与政权不稳定风险的标准数据来源。
Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Democracy Indices, v16V-Dem 民主指数 (v2x, v16)
Democracy, Regimes & Governance民主、政体与治理
The Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project provides one of the largest datasets on democracy, coding countries from 1789 to 2025 along multiple principles of democracy. This panel extracts five high-level indices, each scaled 0–1: electoral democracy (v2x_polyarchy), liberal democracy (v2x_libdem), participatory democracy (v2x_partipdem), deliberative democracy (v2x_delibdem), and egalitarian democracy (v2x_egaldem). Each row is a country-year observation. The panel retains 176 modern polities; historical states without a modern ISO3 (e.g., pre-unification German/Italian states, Papal States) are excluded so it joins cleanly to the world map.V-Dem（民主多样性）项目提供了规模最大的民主测量数据集之一，对各国 1789–2025 年按多种民主原则进行编码。本面板提取 5 个高阶民主指数（取值均在 0–1 之间）：选举民主 (v2x_polyarchy)、自由民主 (v2x_libdem)、参与式民主 (v2x_partipdem)、协商民主 (v2x_delibdem)、平等主义民主 (v2x_egaldem)。每行代表一个国家—年。本面板保留 176 个现代政体；无现代 ISO3 的历史政体（如德意志/意大利统一前的各邦国、教宗国）已剔除，以保证面板能干净地与世界地图联接。
Polity5: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions政体特征与转型数据集 (Polity5)
Democracy, Regimes & Governance民主、政体与治理
The Polity5 dataset is one of the most widely used measures of political regime characteristics in comparative politics and international relations. It covers all independent countries with a population greater than 500,000 from 1800 to 2020, coding the institutional characteristics of governing authority along a spectrum from fully institutionalized autocracies (-10) to fully institutionalized democracies (+10).Polity5 是比较政治学和国际关系领域使用最广泛的政体特征数据集之一。它涵盖 1800 至 2020 年间所有人口超过 50 万的独立国家，对执政权威的制度特征进行编码，范围从完全制度化的威权政体 (-10) 到完全制度化的民主政体 (+10)。数据集提供多个关键指标：polity2（主要综合得分，对过渡期进行了插值处理）、民主得分 (democ, 0–10)、威权得分 (autoc, 0–10)，以及政体持久性 (durable，自上次政体变革以来的年数)。Polity 是研究民主化、民主倒退以及政体类型与冲突、经济增长和国际合作等结果之间关系的基础数据集。
National Elections Across Democracy and Autocracy (NELDA)民主与威权下的全国选举数据集 (NELDA)
Elections, Parties & Representation选举、政党与代议
NELDA records 2,974 national-level elections across 161 countries from 1945 to 2011, covering legislative, executive, and constituent assembly elections across all regime types. Each election is coded on 58 binary indicators capturing whether the opposition was allowed, whether multiple parties competed, whether violence occurred, whether fraud was alleged, and whether international observers were present.NELDA 记录了 1945–2011 年全球 161 个国家的 2,974 场全国性选举，涵盖立法、行政和制宪会议选举，覆盖所有政体类型。每场选举以 58 个二元指标编码，包括是否允许反对派参选、是否为多党选举、是否发生暴力、是否有舞弊指控、是否有国际观察员在场。
Archigos: A Dataset of Political LeadersArchigos 各国政治领导人数据集
International Relations, Diplomacy & IOs国际关系、外交与国际组织
Archigos records the effective political leaders of all independent states worldwide, 1875–present. Each entry captures a leader's name, country, entry and exit dates, how they entered and exited office (regular/irregular), and post-tenure fate.Archigos 记录 1875 年以来全球各国独立国家的有效最高政治领导人及其任期信息。每条记录涵盖领导人姓名、国家、就任与离任日期、上台与下台方式（常规/非常规）以及离任后命运，是研究领导人更替、政治生存与权力转移的标准数据来源。
Terrorism & extremism恐怖主义与极端主义风险
Track the location, type, casualties, and evolution of terrorist attacks.追踪恐怖袭击的地点、类型、伤亡与演变趋势。
Global Terrorism Database (GTD)全球恐怖主义数据库
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
GTD is the most comprehensive open database of global terrorism incidents (1970-present, 1993 missing). 200,000+ events coded for attack type, target, weapons, casualties. This aggregated version groups events by country, year and attack type (event counts, fatalities, injuries).全球恐怖主义数据库由马里兰大学维护，收录1970年至今全球20万+起恐怖袭击事件，编码攻击类型、目标、武器、伤亡等百余字段。可用于量化东道国恐怖主义风险。 此版本按国家、年份和袭击类型进行聚合统计（含事件数、死亡人数、受伤人数）。
ITERATE — International Terrorism: Attributes of Terrorist EventsITERATE — 国际恐怖主义：恐怖事件属性数据库
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
ITERATE is a long-running dataset of transnational terrorist incidents from 1968 onward, compiled by Edward Mickolus and colleagues. Each incident records the date, location, attack and weapon type, perpetrators, victims, and casualties, with hostage/kidnapping negotiations and outcomes coded in companion files. It emphasises the international dimension of terrorism (cross-border actors or foreign victims) and is widely used alongside the GTD.ITERATE 是自 1968 年起持续编纂的跨国恐怖事件数据集，由 Edward Mickolus 等学者整理。每起事件记录发生日期、地点、袭击与武器类型、行为者、受害者及伤亡情况，并在配套文件中对人质/绑架谈判与结局进行编码。该库强调恐怖主义的国际维度（跨国行为者或外国受害者），常与 GTD 互为补充。
Critical chokepoint disruption关键通道中断风险
Observe disruptions in maritime transport and globally important trade routes.观察海运体系及全球重要贸易通道的中断风险。
IMF PortWatch — Daily Chokepoint Vessel TransitsIMF PortWatch — 关键海上航道每日船舶通行量
International Political Economy & Globalization国际政治经济与全球化
IMF PortWatch uses satellite AIS vessel-tracking data to monitor activity and disruptions at the world's major maritime chokepoints in near real time. This page reports the daily NUMBER OF VESSELS transiting each of 28 strategic chokepoints — including the Suez and Panama Canals, the Strait of Hormuz, Bab el-Mandeb, the Malacca and Taiwan Straits, and the Cape of Good Hope detour route — from 2019 to the present. The figures are vessel transit counts, not trade value, tonnage, or capacity.IMF PortWatch 利用卫星 AIS 船舶定位数据，近实时监测全球主要海上咽喉的通行活动与中断情况。本页给出 2019 年至今、28 个战略性航道每日通行的船舶数量——包括苏伊士运河、巴拿马运河、霍尔木兹海峡、曼德海峡、马六甲海峡、台湾海峡，以及绕行非洲的好望角航线。此处数值为每日船舶通行艘数，并非贸易额、货运吨位或运力。
UNCTADstat Maritime Transport — Global IndicatorsUNCTADstat 海运运输全球指标
International Political Economy & Globalization国际政治经济与全球化
Annual global (World) maritime-transport indicators from UNCTADstat: world seaborne trade (goods loaded, thousand metric tons), the world merchant fleet (total fleet, thousand dead-weight tons), container port throughput (TEU), and ships built (gross tonnage). Each series is the World aggregate of its indicator table.来自 UNCTADstat 的年度全球（World）海运运输指标：世界海运贸易（装货量，千公吨）、世界商船队（全船队，千载重吨 DWT）、集装箱港口吞吐量（TEU）、以及造船量（总吨）。每条序列取各指标表的全球合计行。
Policy shocks — companies lose profitability第三阶段：政策突变，企业“没有利”
Policy measures that unexpectedly change resource access, industrial support, trade, taxation, or geopolitical alignment.聚焦资源准入、产业支持、贸易、财政税收与地缘立场的突发政策变化。
Resource nationalism资源民族主义
Assess resource governance and investment disputes associated with state control or expropriation.评估国家控制、征收相关的资源治理与投资争端。
2021 Resource Governance Index资源治理指数（RGI）
Democracy, Regimes & Governance民主、政体与治理
The 2021 RGI assessed resource governance in 18 countries, half of which are assessed both on their mining and oil and gas sectors. In total, 28 full sector assessments were conducted. The results and analysis of these country assessments were published throughout the second half of 2021. This workbook presents all of the scores, justifications and links to supporting documentation in one place.2021 版资源治理指数（RGI）对 18 个国家的资源治理水平开展评估，其中半数国家同时完成矿产、油气两个领域的专项测评，本次共计出具 28 份完整行业评估报告。各国的评估结果与分析报告于 2021 年下半年陆续对外发布。本工作簿集中收录全部评分、评分依据以及佐证材料链接。
Ross-Mahdavi Oil and Gas DatasetRoss-Mahdavi石油天然气数据
Political Institutions & Comparative Political Economy政治制度与比较政治经济
This panel dataset measures country-level oil and gas production, benchmark prices, production value, exports and net exports across the world. The unit of observation is country-year.本面板数据集衡量各国油气产量、基准价格、生产产值、出口与净出口，观测单位为国家-年份。
UNCTAD Investment Dispute Settlement Navigator (ISDS)UNCTAD 投资争端解决导航器 (ISDS)
International Political Economy & Globalization国际政治经济与全球化
The UNCTAD Investment Dispute Settlement (ISDS) Navigator is the authoritative public registry of known investor–state dispute settlement cases brought under international investment treaties. This registry covers 1,332 cases from 1989 to 2023, each a treaty-based claim by a foreign investor against a host state. Fields include the claimant's home state, the respondent (defendant) state, the applicable investment treaty, the economic sector, the proceeding status/outcome, and amounts claimed and awarded. It is the primary source for quantifying expropriation and treaty-breach risk by host country and sector.UNCTAD 投资争端解决（ISDS）导航器是基于国际投资条约的投资者—国家争端案件的权威公开登记册。本名录覆盖 1989–2023 年共 1,332 起案件，每起均为外国投资者依据投资条约对东道国提起的仲裁请求。字段包括投资者母国、被诉国（被告国）、适用投资条约、经济行业、程序状态/结果，以及索赔与裁决金额。它是按东道国与行业量化征收及违约风险的一手来源。
Industrial policy reversal产业政策逆转
Track new industrial interventions and shifts in state support or restriction.追踪新增产业干预及国家支持或限制政策的转向。
Global Trade Alert (GTA) — Trade Intervention Measures全球贸易预警 (GTA) — 贸易干预措施数据库
International Political Economy & Globalization国际政治经济与全球化
The Global Trade Alert (GTA) database records discriminatory trade and industrial policy interventions implemented by governments worldwide. Covering 2008–2026, it catalogs 3,656 intervention measures across 123 implementing jurisdictions, classified by type (anti-dumping, subsidies, import bans, public procurement restrictions, etc.) and evaluated by discriminatory impact (Red/Amber/Green).全球贸易预警（GTA）数据库记录了各国政府实施的歧视性贸易和产业政策措施。覆盖 2008–2026 年，收录 3,656 项干预措施，涉及 123 个实施方，按类型分类（反倾销、补贴、进口禁令、公共采购限制等）并按歧视性影响评级（红/琥珀/绿）。
IMF New Industrial Policy Observatory (NIPO)IMF 新产业政策观察 (NIPO)
International Political Economy & Globalization国际政治经济与全球化
The New Industrial Policy Observatory records government interventions coded as industrial policy — subsidies, tax breaks, loans, export controls, localisation requirements, procurement measures and more — drawn from the Global Trade Alert database. Each event is one measure (Intervention ID), tagged with the implementing jurisdiction, intervention type, MAST chapter, inception date and GTA evaluation (harmful / liberalising). Announced measures can carry scheduled future inception dates, so the timeline may extend beyond the access year.新产业政策观察记录各国被编码为产业政策的政府干预措施——补贴、税收优惠、贷款、出口管制、本地化要求、政府采购等——数据来自 Global Trade Alert 数据库。每个事件为一项措施（Intervention ID），标注实施辖区、干预类型、MAST 章节、生效日期与 GTA 评定（有害/自由化）。已宣布的措施可能采用未来计划生效日期，因此时间轴可能延伸至数据访问年份之后。
Trade protectionism贸易保护主义
Monitor trade interventions, tariffs, and non-tariff barriers that erode market access.监测削弱市场准入的贸易干预、关税与非关税壁垒。
Global Trade Alert (GTA) — Trade Intervention Measures全球贸易预警 (GTA) — 贸易干预措施数据库
International Political Economy & Globalization国际政治经济与全球化
The Global Trade Alert (GTA) database records discriminatory trade and industrial policy interventions implemented by governments worldwide. Covering 2008–2026, it catalogs 3,656 intervention measures across 123 implementing jurisdictions, classified by type (anti-dumping, subsidies, import bans, public procurement restrictions, etc.) and evaluated by discriminatory impact (Red/Amber/Green).全球贸易预警（GTA）数据库记录了各国政府实施的歧视性贸易和产业政策措施。覆盖 2008–2026 年，收录 3,656 项干预措施，涉及 123 个实施方，按类型分类（反倾销、补贴、进口禁令、公共采购限制等）并按歧视性影响评级（红/琥珀/绿）。
Temporary Trade Barriers Database (Bown / World Bank)临时贸易壁垒数据库 (Bown/世界银行)
International Political Economy & Globalization国际政治经济与全球化
The Temporary Trade Barriers Database (TTBD), maintained by Chad P. Bown at the World Bank, documents the use of 'contingent protection' measures—antidumping (AD), countervailing duties (CVD), and safeguards (SG)—across major WTO members from 1990 to 2013. Unlike permanent tariffs, these measures are applied on a product-specific, country-specific basis in response to alleged injury or dumping, and can be removed after investigation. The historical data series reports the annual stock of temporary trade barriers in force as a simple-average tariff-equivalent percentage, covering 34 importing countries.临时贸易壁垒数据库（TTBD）由世界银行 Chad P. Bown 主持建立，系统记录主要 WTO 成员1990-2013 年使用的临时性贸易救济措施：反倾销（AD）、反补贴税（CVD）与保障措施（SG）。与永久关税不同，这些措施针对特定产品和出口国实施，经调查后可撤销。历史数据系列报告各年度在实施的临时贸易壁垒存量，以简单平均关税当量（%）表示，涵盖 34 个进口国。
WTO I-TIP — SPS & TBT NotificationsWTO I-TIP 卫生检疫与技术性贸易壁垒通报
International Political Economy & Globalization国际政治经济与全球化
Country-year counts of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) notifications submitted by WTO members, 1995–2026, from the WTO I-TIP portal. Each observation is a notifying member in a year, with the number of SPS notifications, TBT notifications, and their total.各国-年度 WTO 卫生与植物卫生措施（SPS）与技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）通报计数，1995–2026 年，来自 WTO I-TIP 门户。每个观测为某通报成员在某一年的 SPS 通报数、TBT 通报数及其合计。
Fiscal & tax pressure财政与税收挤压
Compare revenue pressure, exchange restrictions, and sudden regulatory tightening.比较财政汲取压力、外汇限制与监管突然收紧。
ICTD/UNU-WIDER Government Revenue Dataset (GRD)ICTD/UNU-WIDER 政府财政收入数据集 (GRD)
Political Institutions & Comparative Political Economy政治制度与比较政治经济
The UNU-WIDER Government Revenue Dataset (GRD) provides the most complete cross-country panel of government revenue and tax statistics, covering approximately 196 countries from 1980 to the present. Data are compiled from OECD Revenue Statistics, IMF Government Finance Statistics, and IMF Article IV Staff Reports, with careful harmonization across sources.UNU-WIDER 政府财政收入数据集（GRD）提供了最完整的跨国财政收入与税收统计面板数据，覆盖约 196 个国家，时间跨度自 1980 年至今。数据整合自 OECD 收入统计、IMF 政府财政统计和 IMF 第四条磋商报告，经过审慎的跨来源协调。
Capital Control Measures: A New Dataset资本管制措施数据集
Political Institutions & Comparative Political Economy政治制度与比较政治经济
Commonly known as the FKRSU dataset, this is a widely used quantitative database on capital controls constructed by Fernández, Klein, Rebucci, Schindler and Uribe. Coded systematically from the IMF's Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions (AREAER), it provides standardized multi-dimensional measurements of capital account restrictions across economies. With country-year as the unit of observation, the dataset covers over 100 economies from 1995 to 2013. It includes disaggregated inflow and outflow control indices for asset categories including equity, bonds, money market instruments and direct investment, as well as an aggregated overall capital control index.本数据集常简称FKRSU，由Fernández等学者联合构建，是资本管制研究领域广泛使用的量化数据库。数据基于国际货币基金组织《汇率安排与外汇管制年度报告》（AREAER）系统编码生成，对各国资本账户管制措施进行多维度标准化测度。数据集以国家-年份为观测单位，覆盖1995—2013年百余个经济体，包含股权、债券、货币市场、直接投资等资产类别的流入、流出细分管制指数，以及汇总后的资本管制总指数。
IMF AREAER Annual Changes Index (ACI)IMF AREAER 资本管制年度变化指标
Political Institutions & Comparative Political Economy政治制度与比较政治经济
This panel reorganizes the IMF AREAER ACI Report by Country into one row per economy-year. It retains six published aggregate measures covering easing, tightening, and net changes in controls on capital inflows and outflows; the hundreds of granular Data Query categories are not reproduced in the page. Values describe annual regulatory changes, not a stock index of restrictions. Core coverage runs through 2023; 2024 is retained as a partial extension. The joint reporting entity Curaçao and Sint Maarten is excluded because it has no single ISO3.本面板将 IMF AREAER 的 ACI Report by Country 整理为一行一个经济体-年份，保留资本流入与流出管制的放松、收紧和净变化六项官方汇总指标。页面未纳入 Data Query 导出中的数百个细分类别；这些数值反映年度监管变化，而不是某年管制存量水平。核心覆盖期截至 2023 年，2024 年作为部分扩展保留；联合报告实体Curaçao and Sint Maarten 因无单一 ISO3 而从正式面板排除，并另存审计记录。
Geopolitically induced policy shifts地缘政治施压型政策调整
Connect sanctions pressure to policy changes imposed for geopolitical objectives.将制裁压力与服务于地缘政治目标的政策调整联系起来。
Global Sanctions Database (GSDB), Release 4全球制裁数据库（GSDB）第 4 版
International Relations, Diplomacy & IOs国际关系、外交与国际组织
GSDB Release 4 records sanctions imposed by sender actors on target actors. This compact hosted view is built from the official case-level file and retains one observation per sanction case-sender-target combination, using the official begin and end years. Explicit comma-separated sender or target lists are split into actors; named multilateral organizations and collective groups remain single actors because the case file identifies them collectively. The annual dyad-year expansion is not included.GSDB 第 4 版记录制裁发起方与目标方之间的制裁关系。本页使用官方案例级文件，每行为一个“制裁案例—发起方—目标方”组合，并直接保留官方起止年份。明确列举的多发起方或多目标方名单已拆分；以国际组织或集合性集团名义记录的行为体仍作为单一节点保留。页面不再展开逐年 dyad-year 记录。
Threat and Imposition of Economic Sanctions (TIES) 4.1经济制裁威胁与实施数据集（TIES 4.1）
International Relations, Diplomacy & IOs国际关系、外交与国际组织
The Threat and Imposition of Economic Sanctions (TIES) dataset records sanctions cases from 1945 to 2005, distinguishing between threats to impose sanctions and actual sanction imposition. The original file is case-level: each case has one target state but may include multiple sender states or an international institution.TIES（经济制裁威胁与实施数据集）记录了 1945-2005 年间的经济制裁案例，并区分“威胁施加制裁”与“实际实施制裁”两个阶段。原始文件以案例为单位：每个案例只有一个目标国，但可能包含多个发起国，也可能由国际机构推动。
UNGA Voting Ideal Points (Bailey-Strezhnev-Voeten)联合国大会投票理想点 (Bailey-Strezhnev-Voeten)
International Relations, Diplomacy & IOs国际关系、外交与国际组织
This dataset provides annual ideal-point estimates for virtually all UN member states from 1946 to 2023, derived from roll-call voting records in the UN General Assembly (UNGA). Using a dynamic Bayesian item-response theory (IRT) model, each country-year is assigned a latent position on a single dimension: higher values indicate alignment with the United States and Western democracies, while lower values indicate alignment with the developing-world consensus. The dataset also reports bilateral voting-agreement scores with major powers (US, China, Russia).本数据集利用联合国大会（UNGA）历届记名投票，通过动态贝叶斯项目反应理论（IRT）模型，估计 1946-2023 年几乎所有联合国会员国的年度理想点（ideal point）。理想点值越高，表明该国立场越接近美国及西方民主国家；值越低，则表明更趋近于发展中国家阵营共识。数据集同时提供各国与美国、中国、俄罗斯的双边投票一致度（Agreement Score）。
Political-social pressure — companies are squeezed第四阶段：政社夹击，企业“被盘剥”
Regulatory, political, social, reputational, and legal pressures directed at established overseas operations.识别针对既有海外经营活动的监管、政治、社会、声誉与法律压力。
Long-arm regulation长臂监管风险
Identify entities, jurisdictions, and activities exposed to extraterritorial sanctions.识别暴露于域外制裁的实体、司法辖区与经营活动。
OFAC Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons ListOFAC 特别指定国民与被封锁人员清单
International Relations, Diplomacy & IOs国际关系、外交与国际组织
The Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List, maintained by the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), identifies individuals, entities, vessels, and other parties subject to U.S. sanctions restrictions. Listed parties may be subject to asset freezes and transaction prohibitions involving U.S. persons.OFAC 特别指定国民与被封锁人员清单由美国财政部海外资产控制办公室维护，列明受到美国制裁限制的个人、实体、船舶及其他对象。被列名对象通常可能面临资产冻结以及与美国主体交易受限等后果。
Global Sanctions Database (GSDB), Release 4全球制裁数据库（GSDB）第 4 版
International Relations, Diplomacy & IOs国际关系、外交与国际组织
GSDB Release 4 records sanctions imposed by sender actors on target actors. This compact hosted view is built from the official case-level file and retains one observation per sanction case-sender-target combination, using the official begin and end years. Explicit comma-separated sender or target lists are split into actors; named multilateral organizations and collective groups remain single actors because the case file identifies them collectively. The annual dyad-year expansion is not included.GSDB 第 4 版记录制裁发起方与目标方之间的制裁关系。本页使用官方案例级文件，每行为一个“制裁案例—发起方—目标方”组合，并直接保留官方起止年份。明确列举的多发起方或多目标方名单已拆分；以国际组织或集合性集团名义记录的行为体仍作为单一节点保留。页面不再展开逐年 dyad-year 记录。
EU Sanctions Map (Restrictive Measures)欧盟制裁地图（限制性措施清单）
International Relations, Diplomacy & IOs国际关系、外交与国际组织
The EU Sanctions Map is the official registry of entities, individuals, and vessels subject to EU restrictive measures (sanctions). This registry combines 5,994 designated persons and enterprises from the EU financial-sanctions XML feed with 1,116 designated vessels from the consolidated vessel list — 7,110 entries in total. Each entry carries the subject type (person / enterprise / vessel), the sanctions regime/programme it falls under (e.g., UKR, IRN, SYR, BLR), the underlying Council regulation, and a link to the official legal text. It is a primary indicator of EU sanctions / long-arm compliance exposure for counterparties and supply chains.欧盟制裁地图是受欧盟限制性措施（制裁）约束的实体、个人与船只的官方登记册。本名录将欧盟金融制裁 XML 源中的 5,994 个被列名的个人与企业，与综合船只清单中的 1,116 艘被指定船只合并，共 7,110 条记录。每条含主体类型（个人 / 企业 / 船只）、所属制裁机制（如 UKR、IRN、SYR、BLR）、对应的理事会条例及官方法律文本链接。它是识别交易对手与供应链是否触及欧盟制裁、评估域外管辖合规暴露的一手指标。
Populism & xenophobia民粹主义与排外主义
Measure party positions that may translate into nationalist or exclusionary policy pressure.测量可能转化为民族主义或排外政策压力的政党立场。
The PopuList: European Populist, Far-Right, Far-Left and Eurosceptic PartiesThe PopuList：欧洲民粹主义、极右、极左与疑欧政党清单
Elections, Parties & Representation选举、政党与代议
The PopuList is an expert-coded registry of political parties in Europe. It classifies parties according to whether they are populist, far right, far left, and/or Eurosceptic. The dataset provides party names, country, abbreviations, classification indicators, borderline coding, and links to external party identifiers such as Party Facts, ParlGov, and Manifesto Project IDs.The PopuList 是一个针对欧洲政党的专家编码名录型数据集。它标注各政党是否属于民粹主义、极右、极左以及疑欧政党，并提供政党名称、国家、缩写、分类指标、边界案例标记，以及 Party Facts、ParlGov、Manifesto Project 等外部数据库 ID。
Manifesto Project (MARPOR) — Party Policy Positions政党宣言项目——政党政策立场
Elections, Parties & Representation选举、政党与代议
MARPOR codes party election manifestos to measure policy positions. RILE = left-right ideological index. Covers 50+ countries from 1945 onward.政党宣言项目对各国政党竞选纲领逐句编码，测量政党在左右意识形态等维度的政策立场。可用于评估东道国民粹主义和排外政治风险。
Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES), 1999-2024 Trend File教堂山专家调查（Chapel Hill Expert Survey, CHES）
Elections, Parties & Representation选举、政党与代议
CHES is conducted by a research team at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Through expert questionnaires, it assesses the positions of European political parties on ideology and policy issues. Each row is one (party, year) evaluation, averaging responses from dozens of country experts on the party's overall left-right stance (lrgen), economic left-right (lrecon), GAL-TAN dimension (galtan), stance on European integration (eu_position), and positions on immigration, environment, deregulation and other specific issues, along with their salience.CHES 由北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校学者团队主持，通过向各国政治学专家进行问卷调查，评估欧洲各国政党在意识形态与具体政策议题上的立场。每一行是一个（政党 × 年份）的专家评估均值，记录该政党在总体左右、经济左右、社会自由—权威（GAL-TAN）维度上的立场，对欧洲一体化的态度，以及移民、环境、去监管等具体议题立场和议题重视度。
V-Party (V-Dem) Party-Level Dataset v2V-Party 政党数据集（V-Party, V-Dem）
Elections, Parties & Representation选举、政党与代议
V-Party is the party-level dataset produced by the V-Dem (Varieties of Democracy) Institute. Built on V-Dem's expert-coding infrastructure, it measures the organizational characteristics, ideological positions and commitment to democratic norms of political parties worldwide. Each row is one (party, year) evaluation. Core indicators include the Populism Index (v2xpa_popul, 0-1, built from anti-elite rhetoric and people-centrism), the Anti-Pluralism Index (v2xpa_antiplural, 0-1, built from commitment to pluralism, minority rights, treatment of opposition and rejection of political violence), demonization of opponents, economic and social issue positions, and exclusionary / nationalist orientations.V-Party 是 V-Dem（Varieties of Democracy）研究所发布的政党层面数据集。它在 V-Dem 庞大的专家评分体系基础上，专门测量各国政党的组织特征、意识形态立场与对民主规范的态度，特别关注民粹主义与去民主化倾向。每一行是一个（政党 × 年份）的评估。核心指标包括民粹主义程度（v2xpa_popul，0-1，由反精英言论与人民中心主义构建）、反多元主义（v2xpa_antiplural，0-1，由政治多元主义、少数群体权利、对反对派态度及拒绝政治暴力等指标构建）、对反对派的妖魔化、经济与社会议题立场，以及排外／民族主义取向等多组专家评分。
NGO & social-movement pressureNGO 与社会运动施压
Map environmental conflict, protest, and governance conditions surrounding corporate activity.描绘企业活动周边的环境冲突、抗议与治理条件。
Environmental Justice Atlas (EJAtlas)环境正义地图集
Environment, Population & Public Policy环境、人口与公共政策
The world's largest database of environmental conflict cases. 4,558 conflicts across mining, fossil fuels, dams, waste, and industrial pollution globally. Maps community-level opposition and social movement resistance.全球最大的环境冲突案例数据库，收录4558起涉及采矿、化石能源、水坝、垃圾和工业污染的冲突案例。可用于识别海外项目在东道国可能面临的环境抗争和社会运动风险。
Armed Conflict Location & Event Data (ACLED)武装冲突地点与事件数据项目
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
ACLED codes global political violence and protest events in real-time from news and reports. This country-year summary aggregates events by country and year for trend analysis. Used for conflict exposure assessment near overseas project sites.ACLED从新闻和报告中实时编码全球政治暴力与抗议事件。此为国家—年份汇总数据，用于趋势分析和热点监测。可用于海外项目所在地冲突暴露评估和安全态势监测。
Environmental Performance Index (EPI)环境绩效指数
Environment, Population & Public Policy环境、人口与公共政策
The Environmental Performance Index ranks 180 countries on environmental health and ecosystem vitality. Higher scores = better environmental governance performance.耶鲁大学环境绩效指数对180个国家的环境健康和生态系统活力进行评分排名。可用于评估东道国环境监管严格程度和NGO施压风险。
Transnational media & digital platforms跨国舆论与数字平台风险
Monitor cross-border media agendas and the diffusion of negative narratives.监测跨国媒体议程与负面叙事的扩散。
Lawfare法律战（Lawfare）
Trace investment arbitration and judicial constraints that create legal exposure.追踪造成法律敞口的投资仲裁与司法约束。
UNCTAD Investment Dispute Settlement Navigator (ISDS)UNCTAD 投资争端解决导航器 (ISDS)
International Political Economy & Globalization国际政治经济与全球化
The UNCTAD Investment Dispute Settlement (ISDS) Navigator is the authoritative public registry of known investor–state dispute settlement cases brought under international investment treaties. This registry covers 1,332 cases from 1989 to 2023, each a treaty-based claim by a foreign investor against a host state. Fields include the claimant's home state, the respondent (defendant) state, the applicable investment treaty, the economic sector, the proceeding status/outcome, and amounts claimed and awarded. It is the primary source for quantifying expropriation and treaty-breach risk by host country and sector.UNCTAD 投资争端解决（ISDS）导航器是基于国际投资条约的投资者—国家争端案件的权威公开登记册。本名录覆盖 1989–2023 年共 1,332 起案件，每起均为外国投资者依据投资条约对东道国提起的仲裁请求。字段包括投资者母国、被诉国（被告国）、适用投资条约、经济行业、程序状态/结果，以及索赔与裁决金额。它是按东道国与行业量化征收及违约风险的一手来源。
ICSID Cases DatabaseICSID 投资仲裁案件数据库
International Political Economy & Globalization国际政治经济与全球化
The ICSID Cases Database is the official registry of all cases administered by the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes — the world's leading forum for investor–state dispute settlement. This registry covers 1,149 cases registered since ICSID's founding, each listing the investor-claimant, the respondent host state, the case number, the applicable rules (ICSID Convention, ad hoc, conciliation, etc.), and the current status (Concluded or Pending). It is the authoritative source for tracking which states face active or concluded investment arbitration, central to assessing legal-war / treaty-breach exposure.ICSID 案件数据库是关于国际投资争端解决中心（世界银行集团旗下投资者—国家争端解决的首要机构）所受理全部案件的官方登记册。本名录覆盖自 ICSID 成立起登记的 1,149 起案件，逐案列出投资者—申诉人、被诉东道国、案件编号、适用规则（ICSID 公约、临时仲裁、调解等）及当前状态（已结案 / 审理中）。它是追踪各国面临投资仲裁历史与现状的权威来源，对评估法律战与条约违约风险至关重要。
Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Democracy Indices, v16V-Dem 民主指数 (v2x, v16)
Democracy, Regimes & Governance民主、政体与治理
The Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project provides one of the largest datasets on democracy, coding countries from 1789 to 2025 along multiple principles of democracy. This panel extracts five high-level indices, each scaled 0–1: electoral democracy (v2x_polyarchy), liberal democracy (v2x_libdem), participatory democracy (v2x_partipdem), deliberative democracy (v2x_delibdem), and egalitarian democracy (v2x_egaldem). Each row is a country-year observation. The panel retains 176 modern polities; historical states without a modern ISO3 (e.g., pre-unification German/Italian states, Papal States) are excluded so it joins cleanly to the world map.V-Dem（民主多样性）项目提供了规模最大的民主测量数据集之一，对各国 1789–2025 年按多种民主原则进行编码。本面板提取 5 个高阶民主指数（取值均在 0–1 之间）：选举民主 (v2x_polyarchy)、自由民主 (v2x_libdem)、参与式民主 (v2x_partipdem)、协商民主 (v2x_delibdem)、平等主义民主 (v2x_egaldem)。每行代表一个国家—年。本面板保留 176 个现代政体；无现代 ISO3 的历史政体（如德意志/意大利统一前的各邦国、教宗国）已剔除，以保证面板能干净地与世界地图联接。
Sunk costs — companies cannot exit第五阶段：沉没成本，企业“退不出”
Risks that trap capital through expropriation, controls, weak legal systems, sanctions, or geopolitical fragmentation.识别因征收、管制、法治薄弱、制裁或地缘断裂而使资本难以退出的风险。
Asset nationalization资产国有化风险
Review expropriation and investment-dispute cases that threaten asset ownership.考察威胁资产所有权的征收与投资争端案件。
UNCTAD Investment Dispute Settlement Navigator (ISDS)UNCTAD 投资争端解决导航器 (ISDS)
International Political Economy & Globalization国际政治经济与全球化
The UNCTAD Investment Dispute Settlement (ISDS) Navigator is the authoritative public registry of known investor–state dispute settlement cases brought under international investment treaties. This registry covers 1,332 cases from 1989 to 2023, each a treaty-based claim by a foreign investor against a host state. Fields include the claimant's home state, the respondent (defendant) state, the applicable investment treaty, the economic sector, the proceeding status/outcome, and amounts claimed and awarded. It is the primary source for quantifying expropriation and treaty-breach risk by host country and sector.UNCTAD 投资争端解决（ISDS）导航器是基于国际投资条约的投资者—国家争端案件的权威公开登记册。本名录覆盖 1989–2023 年共 1,332 起案件，每起均为外国投资者依据投资条约对东道国提起的仲裁请求。字段包括投资者母国、被诉国（被告国）、适用投资条约、经济行业、程序状态/结果，以及索赔与裁决金额。它是按东道国与行业量化征收及违约风险的一手来源。
ICSID Cases DatabaseICSID 投资仲裁案件数据库
International Political Economy & Globalization国际政治经济与全球化
The ICSID Cases Database is the official registry of all cases administered by the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes — the world's leading forum for investor–state dispute settlement. This registry covers 1,149 cases registered since ICSID's founding, each listing the investor-claimant, the respondent host state, the case number, the applicable rules (ICSID Convention, ad hoc, conciliation, etc.), and the current status (Concluded or Pending). It is the authoritative source for tracking which states face active or concluded investment arbitration, central to assessing legal-war / treaty-breach exposure.ICSID 案件数据库是关于国际投资争端解决中心（世界银行集团旗下投资者—国家争端解决的首要机构）所受理全部案件的官方登记册。本名录覆盖自 ICSID 成立起登记的 1,149 起案件，逐案列出投资者—申诉人、被诉东道国、案件编号、适用规则（ICSID 公约、临时仲裁、调解等）及当前状态（已结案 / 审理中）。它是追踪各国面临投资仲裁历史与现状的权威来源，对评估法律战与条约违约风险至关重要。
Foreign exchange & capital controls外汇与资本管制
Detect restrictions that impede profit repatriation and cross-border capital movement.识别阻碍利润汇回与跨境资本流动的限制。
Capital Control Measures: A New Dataset资本管制措施数据集
Political Institutions & Comparative Political Economy政治制度与比较政治经济
Commonly known as the FKRSU dataset, this is a widely used quantitative database on capital controls constructed by Fernández, Klein, Rebucci, Schindler and Uribe. Coded systematically from the IMF's Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions (AREAER), it provides standardized multi-dimensional measurements of capital account restrictions across economies. With country-year as the unit of observation, the dataset covers over 100 economies from 1995 to 2013. It includes disaggregated inflow and outflow control indices for asset categories including equity, bonds, money market instruments and direct investment, as well as an aggregated overall capital control index.本数据集常简称FKRSU，由Fernández等学者联合构建，是资本管制研究领域广泛使用的量化数据库。数据基于国际货币基金组织《汇率安排与外汇管制年度报告》（AREAER）系统编码生成，对各国资本账户管制措施进行多维度标准化测度。数据集以国家-年份为观测单位，覆盖1995—2013年百余个经济体，包含股权、债券、货币市场、直接投资等资产类别的流入、流出细分管制指数，以及汇总后的资本管制总指数。
Chinn-Ito Capital Account Openness (KAOPEN)Chinn-Ito 资本账户开放度指数 (KAOPEN)
Political Institutions & Comparative Political Economy政治制度与比较政治经济
KAOPEN is a de jure index of a country's degree of capital-account openness, covering 185 economies from 1970 to 2023. It is built from the binary IMF AREAER indicators on cross-border financial transactions; higher values mean fewer restrictions on capital flows.KAOPEN 是衡量一国资本账户开放程度的法理（de jure）指数，覆盖 1970–2023 年共 185 个经济体。它基于 IMF《汇兑安排与汇兑限制年报》(AREAER) 中关于跨境金融交易的二元指标构建，取值越高代表对资本流动的限制越少。
IMF AREAER Annual Changes Index (ACI)IMF AREAER 资本管制年度变化指标
Political Institutions & Comparative Political Economy政治制度与比较政治经济
This panel reorganizes the IMF AREAER ACI Report by Country into one row per economy-year. It retains six published aggregate measures covering easing, tightening, and net changes in controls on capital inflows and outflows; the hundreds of granular Data Query categories are not reproduced in the page. Values describe annual regulatory changes, not a stock index of restrictions. Core coverage runs through 2023; 2024 is retained as a partial extension. The joint reporting entity Curaçao and Sint Maarten is excluded because it has no single ISO3.本面板将 IMF AREAER 的 ACI Report by Country 整理为一行一个经济体-年份，保留资本流入与流出管制的放松、收紧和净变化六项官方汇总指标。页面未纳入 Data Query 导出中的数百个细分类别；这些数值反映年度监管变化，而不是某年管制存量水平。核心覆盖期截至 2023 年，2024 年作为部分扩展保留；联合报告实体Curaçao and Sint Maarten 因无单一 ISO3 而从正式面板排除，并另存审计记录。
Exit & liquidation退出与清算风险
Assess rule-of-law conditions that shape contract enforcement, insolvency, and orderly exit.评估影响合同执行、破产清算与有序退出的法治条件。
World Bank Business Ready (B-READY) 2025世界银行 2025 年营商环境成熟度评估（B-READY）
Political Institutions & Comparative Political Economy政治制度与比较政治经济
The Business Ready (B-READY) 2025 is the successor to the Doing Business report, providing a standardized assessment of business regulatory frameworks and their practical implementation across 101 economies. The dataset covers 10 core business topics, each measured under three pillars: regulatory quality, public service infrastructure, and operational efficiency.《营商环境成熟度评估（B-READY）2025》是世界银行替代《营商环境报告》的新一代指数，对全球101个经济体的商事监管规则与落地实效进行标准化评估。数据集覆盖十大经营主题，每个主题下设监管质量、公共服务基础设施、运营效率三大支柱。
World Justice Project Rule of Law Index世界正义工程法治指数 (WJP Rule of Law Index)
Human Rights, Repression & Rule of Law人权、镇压与法治
The World Justice Project (WJP) Rule of Law Index measures rule-of-law performance across 140 countries and jurisdictions through large-scale household and expert surveys. It is the world's leading source for original, independent data on the rule of law.世界正义工程（WJP）法治指数基于对各国普通民众和法律专家的大规模问卷调查，从体验和感知角度衡量全球约140个国家和司法辖区的法治状况，是国际上影响力最大的法治量化评估之一。
Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI)全球治理指标 (WGI)
Democracy, Regimes & Governance民主、政体与治理
The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) project reports aggregate and individual governance indicators for over 200 countries and territories over the period 1996–2022, covering six dimensions of governance: Voice and Accountability, Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, and Control of Corruption.全球治理指标 (WGI) 项目报告了 1996 至 2022 年间超过 200 个国家和地区的六项治理综合指标：话语权与问责、政治稳定与反暴力、政府效能、监管质量、法治、腐败控制。这些指标基于来自 30 多个数据源的数百个底层变量汇总而成，涵盖调查机构、智库、非政府组织、国际组织和私营部门。综合得分以标准正态单位报告，范围约从 -2.5（弱治理）到 2.5（强治理）。WGI 被研究者、政策制定者和分析师广泛用于跨国和跨时期的治理质量比较。
Sanctions spillover制裁外溢风险
Estimate indirect exposure to sanctions imposed on partners, sectors, and jurisdictions.估计合作伙伴、行业与司法辖区受制裁产生的间接敞口。
Global Sanctions Database (GSDB), Release 4全球制裁数据库（GSDB）第 4 版
International Relations, Diplomacy & IOs国际关系、外交与国际组织
GSDB Release 4 records sanctions imposed by sender actors on target actors. This compact hosted view is built from the official case-level file and retains one observation per sanction case-sender-target combination, using the official begin and end years. Explicit comma-separated sender or target lists are split into actors; named multilateral organizations and collective groups remain single actors because the case file identifies them collectively. The annual dyad-year expansion is not included.GSDB 第 4 版记录制裁发起方与目标方之间的制裁关系。本页使用官方案例级文件，每行为一个“制裁案例—发起方—目标方”组合，并直接保留官方起止年份。明确列举的多发起方或多目标方名单已拆分；以国际组织或集合性集团名义记录的行为体仍作为单一节点保留。页面不再展开逐年 dyad-year 记录。
OFAC Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons ListOFAC 特别指定国民与被封锁人员清单
International Relations, Diplomacy & IOs国际关系、外交与国际组织
The Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List, maintained by the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), identifies individuals, entities, vessels, and other parties subject to U.S. sanctions restrictions. Listed parties may be subject to asset freezes and transaction prohibitions involving U.S. persons.OFAC 特别指定国民与被封锁人员清单由美国财政部海外资产控制办公室维护，列明受到美国制裁限制的个人、实体、船舶及其他对象。被列名对象通常可能面临资产冻结以及与美国主体交易受限等后果。
Threat and Imposition of Economic Sanctions (TIES) 4.1经济制裁威胁与实施数据集（TIES 4.1）
International Relations, Diplomacy & IOs国际关系、外交与国际组织
The Threat and Imposition of Economic Sanctions (TIES) dataset records sanctions cases from 1945 to 2005, distinguishing between threats to impose sanctions and actual sanction imposition. The original file is case-level: each case has one target state but may include multiple sender states or an international institution.TIES（经济制裁威胁与实施数据集）记录了 1945-2005 年间的经济制裁案例，并区分“威胁施加制裁”与“实际实施制裁”两个阶段。原始文件以案例为单位：每个案例只有一个目标国，但可能包含多个发起国，也可能由国际机构推动。
Geopolitical fragmentation地缘政治断裂风险
Map the investment-treaty network that structures protection when geopolitical ties fracture.描绘在地缘关系断裂时提供投资保护的条约网络。
UNGA Voting Ideal Points (Bailey-Strezhnev-Voeten)联合国大会投票理想点 (Bailey-Strezhnev-Voeten)
International Relations, Diplomacy & IOs国际关系、外交与国际组织
This dataset provides annual ideal-point estimates for virtually all UN member states from 1946 to 2023, derived from roll-call voting records in the UN General Assembly (UNGA). Using a dynamic Bayesian item-response theory (IRT) model, each country-year is assigned a latent position on a single dimension: higher values indicate alignment with the United States and Western democracies, while lower values indicate alignment with the developing-world consensus. The dataset also reports bilateral voting-agreement scores with major powers (US, China, Russia).本数据集利用联合国大会（UNGA）历届记名投票，通过动态贝叶斯项目反应理论（IRT）模型，估计 1946-2023 年几乎所有联合国会员国的年度理想点（ideal point）。理想点值越高，表明该国立场越接近美国及西方民主国家；值越低，则表明更趋近于发展中国家阵营共识。数据集同时提供各国与美国、中国、俄罗斯的双边投票一致度（Agreement Score）。
COW Diplomatic ExchangeCOW 外交往来数据
International Relations, Diplomacy & IOs国际关系、外交与国际组织
The Correlates of War Diplomatic Exchange dataset records the level of diplomatic representation between pairs of states from 1817 to 2005, at five-year intervals. The DE indicator captures whether and at what level two states exchanged diplomats (charge d'affaires, minister, ambassador).COW 外交往来数据记录了 1817–2005 年间各国两两之间的外交代表级别（代办、公使、大使），每五年一个观测，是衡量双边外交关系与地缘政治亲疏/断裂的标准指标。
UNCTAD International Investment Agreements (IIA) Network — BIT & TIPUNCTAD 国际投资协定网络 (BIT / TIP)
International Political Economy & Globalization国际政治经济与全球化
The UNCTAD IIA Navigator is the authoritative inventory of international investment agreements (IIAs). This dyadic dataset merges 520 UNCTAD per-country files (260 bilateral investment treaties, BITs, and 260 treaties with investment provisions, TIPs) into 3,770 unique country-pair treaties. Each row is a directed pair (home state → partner state) with the year of signature and the agreement type (BIT / TIP); multi-party treaties are decomposed into all pairwise links and de-duplicated as undirected pairs. Regional blocs (EU, ASEAN, EFTA, MERCOSUR, GCC, etc.) that sign IIAs are retained as synthetic nodes. It maps the global investment-protection treaty network and reveals where treaty coverage — and thus ISDS recourse — exists or has lapsed.UNCTAD 国际投资协定（IIA）导航器是全球投资协定的权威清单。本 dyadic 数据集将 UNCTAD 的 520 份各国文件（260 份双边投资协定 BIT 与 260 份含投资条款条约 TIP）合并为 3,770 个唯一国家间条约。每行是一个有向对（本国 → 伙伴国），含签署年份与协定类型（BIT / TIP）；多方条约拆分为所有两两链接并按无序对去重。签署 IIA 的区域集团（欧盟、东盟、EFTA、南方共同市场、海合会等）作为合成节点保留。它描绘了全球投资保护条约网络，揭示何处存在（或已失效）条约保护及 ISDS 救济渠道。
Cross-cutting indicators for the full lifecycle综合 / 跨领域风险指标（适用于全生命周期）
Composite political and governance indicators that provide a baseline across every stage of overseas operations.以综合政治与治理指标为海外经营全生命周期提供基础风险画像。
Composite country risk & governance综合国家风险与治理
Benchmark regime quality and governance conditions across countries and time.跨国家、跨时期比较政体质量与治理条件。
Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Democracy Indices, v16V-Dem 民主指数 (v2x, v16)
Democracy, Regimes & Governance民主、政体与治理
The Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project provides one of the largest datasets on democracy, coding countries from 1789 to 2025 along multiple principles of democracy. This panel extracts five high-level indices, each scaled 0–1: electoral democracy (v2x_polyarchy), liberal democracy (v2x_libdem), participatory democracy (v2x_partipdem), deliberative democracy (v2x_delibdem), and egalitarian democracy (v2x_egaldem). Each row is a country-year observation. The panel retains 176 modern polities; historical states without a modern ISO3 (e.g., pre-unification German/Italian states, Papal States) are excluded so it joins cleanly to the world map.V-Dem（民主多样性）项目提供了规模最大的民主测量数据集之一，对各国 1789–2025 年按多种民主原则进行编码。本面板提取 5 个高阶民主指数（取值均在 0–1 之间）：选举民主 (v2x_polyarchy)、自由民主 (v2x_libdem)、参与式民主 (v2x_partipdem)、协商民主 (v2x_delibdem)、平等主义民主 (v2x_egaldem)。每行代表一个国家—年。本面板保留 176 个现代政体；无现代 ISO3 的历史政体（如德意志/意大利统一前的各邦国、教宗国）已剔除，以保证面板能干净地与世界地图联接。
Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI)全球治理指标 (WGI)
Democracy, Regimes & Governance民主、政体与治理
The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) project reports aggregate and individual governance indicators for over 200 countries and territories over the period 1996–2022, covering six dimensions of governance: Voice and Accountability, Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, and Control of Corruption.全球治理指标 (WGI) 项目报告了 1996 至 2022 年间超过 200 个国家和地区的六项治理综合指标：话语权与问责、政治稳定与反暴力、政府效能、监管质量、法治、腐败控制。这些指标基于来自 30 多个数据源的数百个底层变量汇总而成，涵盖调查机构、智库、非政府组织、国际组织和私营部门。综合得分以标准正态单位报告，范围约从 -2.5（弱治理）到 2.5（强治理）。WGI 被研究者、政策制定者和分析师广泛用于跨国和跨时期的治理质量比较。
Fragile States Index (FSI)脆弱国家指数 (FSI)
Democracy, Regimes & Governance民主、政体与治理
The Fragile States Index (FSI) is an annual ranking of 179 countries based on their levels of stability and the pressures they face. Produced by The Fund for Peace, the index uses a conflict assessment framework (CAST) to measure state fragility across 12 key indicators grouped into four categories: Cohesion (C1–C3), Economic (E1–E3), Political (P1–P3), and Social (S1–S2), plus a Cross-Cutting indicator (X1). Each indicator is scored on a 0–10 scale, yielding a total score from 0 (most stable) to 120 (most fragile).脆弱国家指数 (FSI) 是由和平基金会 (The Fund for Peace) 发布的年度评估，涵盖 179 个国家，衡量其稳定程度和面临的各类压力。该指数使用冲突评估框架 (CAST)，通过 12 个关键指标来衡量国家脆弱性，分为四大类：凝聚力 (C1–C3)、经济 (E1–E3)、政治 (P1–P3) 和社会 (S1–S2)，以及一个跨领域指标 (X1)。每个指标评分范围为 0–10 分，总分从 0（最稳定）到 120（最脆弱）。FSI 基于数百万份文献的内容分析、量化数据及专家评审，被各国政府、国际组织和研究者广泛用于识别冲突风险、追踪脆弱性趋势以及辅助早期预警系统。
Geopolitical Risk Index (GPR)地缘政治风险指数 (GPR)
International Political Economy & Globalization国际政治经济与全球化
The Geopolitical Risk Index measures adverse geopolitical events (wars, terrorism, tensions) by counting their coverage in major newspapers since 1900. GPR is the headline monthly index; GPRT isolates threats, GPRA isolates actual acts.地缘政治风险指数通过统计主流报纸对战争、恐怖主义、紧张局势等不利地缘事件的报道频率来度量风险，数据始于 1900 年。GPR 为月度总指数，GPRT 仅含威胁、GPRA 仅含实际行动，是经济金融领域应用最广的高频地缘风险指标。