Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES), 1999-2024 Trend File教堂山专家调查（Chapel Hill Expert Survey, CHES）

CHES is conducted by a research team at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Through expert questionnaires, it assesses the positions of European political parties on ideology and policy issues. Each row is one (party, year) evaluation, averaging responses from dozens of country experts on the party's overall left-right stance (lrgen), economic left-right (lrecon), GAL-TAN dimension (galtan), stance on European integration (eu_position), and positions on immigration, environment, deregulation and other specific issues, along with their salience.

The 1999-2024 trend file pools seven waves (1999, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2019, 2024), covering EU member states and select European countries with ~530 parties. Since 2024, new items capture people-vs-elite, anti-elite salience, executive power and judicial independence, measuring populist and de-democratising tendencies.

CHES 由北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校学者团队主持，通过向各国政治学专家进行问卷调查，评估欧洲各国政党在意识形态与具体政策议题上的立场。每一行是一个（政党 × 年份）的专家评估均值，记录该政党在总体左右、经济左右、社会自由—权威（GAL-TAN）维度上的立场，对欧洲一体化的态度，以及移民、环境、去监管等具体议题立场和议题重视度。

1999–2024 趋势文件合并了七轮调查（1999、2002、2006、2010、2014、2019、2024），覆盖欧盟成员国及部分欧洲国家的主要政党，约 530 个政党。2024 年起新增“人民 vs 精英”、反精英议题凸显度、行政权力扩张与司法独立等指标，可刻画民粹主义与去民主化倾向。