Conflict research · disciplinary index冲突研究 · 学科数据库索引
Conflict Analysis Databases冲突分析数据库
A structured portal to 46 established resources for interstate conflict, intrastate violence, and conflict management, spanning wars, event streams, interventions, rivalries, peacekeeping, repression, and terrorism.集中呈现 46 个冲突研究经典资源，围绕国家间冲突、国内与非国家暴力、冲突管理三大领域，覆盖战争、事件流、军事干预、战略对抗、维和、镇压与恐怖主义。
Entries with confirmed redistribution terms provide interactive views. Restricted, unavailable, or documentation-based resources link to their original providers without rehosting the underlying files. A dataset may appear in more than one domain when it supports multiple research uses.具备明确再分发条件的条目提供交互式浏览；受限访问、无稳定数据本体或以说明文档为主的资源仅链接原始提供方，不在本站复制数据。同一数据集具有多种研究用途时可出现在多个领域。
Interstate conflict data国家间冲突数据
Wars, militarized disputes, crises, interventions, event streams, rivalries, and territorial claims involving states.覆盖国家参与的战争、军事化争端、国际危机、军事干预、事件流、战略对抗与领土主张。
War, crisis & military intervention战争、危机与军事干预
Compare the onset, severity, actors, casualties, and outcomes of interstate confrontation and intervention.比较国家间对抗与军事干预的发生、强度、参与方、伤亡和结果。
UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict DatasetUCDP/PRIO 武装冲突数据集
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset records armed conflicts worldwide, 1946–present, where at least one party is a government and annual battle-related deaths reach at least 25. Each row is a conflict-year, capturing the fighting parties, conflict type (interstate, intrastate, internationalized intrastate, extrasystemic), intensity (minor/war), and incompatibility (territory/government).UCDP/PRIO 武装冲突数据集记录 1946 年至今全球范围内至少一方为政府且年度战斗死亡人数达到 25 人的武装冲突。每行为一个冲突-年观测，涵盖参战方、冲突类型（国家间/国内/国际化国内/殖民）、强度（小规模/战争）与争端性质（领土/政府），是冲突定量研究中最广泛使用的权威数据来源。
COW War & Militarized Interstate Disputes (Dyadic MID)COW 国家间战争与军事化国家间争端（双边 MID）
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The Correlates of War Militarized Interstate Disputes data record threats, displays, and uses of military force between states from 1816 onward. The dyadic files identify participants, dispute roles, hostility levels, outcomes, settlement, fatalities, and escalation to interstate war.战争相关因素（COW）军事化国家间争端数据记录 1816 年以来国家之间的武力威胁、展示与使用，包括参与方、争端角色、敌对程度、结果、解决方式、死亡等级及是否升级为国家间战争。
Correlates of War Inter-State Wars (v4.0)COW 国家间战争数据集（v4.0）
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The Correlates of War Inter-State War dataset (v4.0) records wars fought between or among recognized members of the interstate system from 1816 to 2007. It identifies wars and state participants, dates, theaters, initiators, outcomes, transitions, and participant battle deaths.COW 国家间战争数据集（v4.0）记录 1816—2007 年国际体系成员之间发生的战争，包括战争及参战国、日期、战区、发起方、结局、战争类型转换和参战方战斗死亡人数。
Militarized Interstate Dispute Locations (MIDLOC-I v2.1)军事化国家间争端地点数据（MIDLOC-I v2.1）
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
MIDLOC-I v2.1 provides latitude and longitude point locations for militarized interstate dispute incidents. The official release describes incident-level coverage for 1993–2010 and contains 3,306 records, including onset and subsequent incident locations.MIDLOC-I v2.1 为军事化国家间争端事件提供经纬度点位。官方发布说明其事件级数据覆盖 1993—2010 年，共 3,306 条记录，包括争端发生及后续事件地点。
The International Crisis Behavior (ICB) Version 16 datasets - Actor-Level国际危机行为（ICB）16版数据集——行为体层级
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The most recent versions of the primary ICB data sets (Version 16) contain information for all crises occurring during the 1918-2021 period. The datasets include information on 512 international crises, 1,131 crisis actors, and 1,000 crisis dyads. There are 39 protracted conflicts.ICB2 actor‑level dataset: one row = one state‑actor participating in an international crisis. One multi‑party crisis will generate multiple event‑rows (one for each participating state). 最新版本的主要 ICB 数据集（版本 16）包含 1918-2021 年期间发生的所有危机的信息。数据集包括 512 个国际危机、1,131 个危机参与者和 1,000 个危机双边关系的信息。其中有 39 个长期冲突。ICB2行为体层级数据集：一行代表一个国家参与某一场国际危机。多方参与的同一场危机将生成多条记录。
International Military Intervention (IMI), 1946-2005国际军事干预数据（IMI），1946–2005
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The International Military Intervention (IMI) dataset records episodes in which the regular armed forces of one state entered another state in the context of a political issue or dispute. The two ICPSR studies cover 1946–1988 and 1989–2005 and document intervener-target pairs, dates, direction, force type, casualties, and coded motives.国际军事干预数据（IMI）记录一国正规武装力量因政治议题或争端进入另一国的干预事件。两项 ICPSR 研究分别覆盖 1946—1988 年和 1989—2005 年，包括干预方与目标国、日期、干预方向、兵种、伤亡和干预目的。
PRIO Battledeaths DatasetPRIO战争死亡数据集
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
This project has generated a dataset on battle deaths (number of soldiers and civilians killed in combat) in state-based armed conflicts for the period 1946-2008. The dataset is compatible with the UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset for the period 1946-2008.这个项目生成了一个关于国家间武装冲突中战斗死亡人数（包括士兵和平民死亡人数）的数据集，时间范围是1946年至2008年。该数据集与1946年至2008年的UCDP/PRIO武装冲突数据集兼容。
Military Intervention by Powerful States (MIPS)强国军事干预数据集 (MIPS)
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
MIPS records all foreign military interventions by the five major powers (United States, United Kingdom, China, France, and Russia/USSR) against both state and non-state targets between 1945 and 2003. A military intervention is an official deployment of at least 500 regular military personnel to attain immediate political objectives through force.MIPS 数据集记录了 1945–2003 年间五个大国（美国、英国、中国、法国、俄罗斯/苏联）对外国国家与非国家目标实施的全部军事干预。军事干预的定义是官方部署至少 500 名正规军事人员、以武力达成即时政治目标。
Georeferenced & coded event systems地理编码与自动事件系统
Use high-frequency event records and coding ontologies to trace conflict, cooperation, protest, and escalation.利用高频事件记录与编码体系追踪冲突、合作、抗议和升级过程。
GDELT Global Event DatabaseGDELT 全球事件数据库
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
GDELT continuously codes global news into event records with actors, locations, themes, tone, and CAMEO event categories. It supports high-frequency monitoring of international cooperation, conflict, protest, and political risk.GDELT 持续将全球新闻编码为事件记录，包括行为体、地点、议题、语调和 CAMEO 事件类别，可用于高频监测国际合作、冲突、抗议与政治风险。
UCDP Georeferenced Event Dataset (GED) v26.1UCDP 地理编码事件数据集（GED）v26.1
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The UCDP Georeferenced Event Dataset (GED) records individual armed-conflict events worldwide from 1989 onwards (v26.1 covers through 2025): each row is one event with date, location (latitude/longitude), the conflicting parties (side_a/side_b), the type of violence (1 = state-based conflict, 2 = non-state conflict, 3 = one-sided violence) and the best estimate of fatalities.UCDP 地理编码事件数据集（GED）记录 1989 年以来全球的武装冲突事件（v26.1 覆盖至 2025 年）：每一行是一个事件，含日期、地点（经纬度）、冲突双方（side_a/side_b）、暴力类型（1=国家间冲突、2=非国家冲突、3=单方面暴力）及最佳死亡估计。
Armed Conflict Location & Event Data (ACLED)武装冲突地点与事件数据项目
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
ACLED codes global political violence and protest events in real-time from news and reports. This country-year summary aggregates events by country and year for trend analysis. Used for conflict exposure assessment near overseas project sites.ACLED从新闻和报告中实时编码全球政治暴力与抗议事件。此为国家—年份汇总数据，用于趋势分析和热点监测。可用于海外项目所在地冲突暴露评估和安全态势监测。
ICEWS Annual Coded Event FlowsICEWS 年度编码事件流
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
ICEWS automatically codes source-action-target interactions from news reporting using the CAMEO event taxonomy. The preserved official raw stream contains micro-level events for every year from 1995 through 2022 and partial 2023 releases through April 10, 2023. The full raw scan shows that Event ID alone is reused across annual years; the minimal stable event identity is therefore Event ID plus Event Date. Release deduplication and revision handling occur only within that composite identity. Each hosted row is a country-year aggregate, not a micro-level event: event_count counts unique composite event identities; conflict counts use CAMEO roots 10-20; material conflict uses roots 15-20; and mean_intensity averages the official -10 to +10 Intensity field. The 2023 rows cover only January through April 10 and are explicitly marked incomplete; maps and rankings therefore default to the last complete year, 2022.ICEWS 使用 CAMEO 事件分类从新闻报道中自动编码“来源行为体—行动—目标行为体”互动。保留的官方微观事件流完整覆盖 1995—2022 年，并包含截至 2023 年 4 月 10 日的 2023 年部分发布。全量 raw 检查表明 Event ID 会在不同年度重复使用，因此最小稳定事件身份采用 Event ID 与 Event Date 的组合；release 去重与修订处理只在相同复合身份内部进行。网站数据每行是国家—年度汇总，而非微观事件：event_count 统计唯一复合事件身份；冲突事件采用 CAMEO 根代码 10—20，物质冲突采用 15—20，mean_intensity 为官方 −10 至 +10 Intensity 的平均值。2023 年仅覆盖 1 月至 4 月 10 日并明确标记为不完整，因此地图和排名默认展示最后一个完整年度 2022 年。
Conflict and Mediation Event Observations (CAMEO)冲突与调解事件观察编码体系（CAMEO）
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
CAMEO is an event-coding ontology rather than a single observation dataset. It organizes political interactions into twenty top-level categories, ranging from public statements and cooperation to coercion, assault, fighting, and unconventional mass violence. The scheme underlies major event-data systems including GDELT and ICEWS.CAMEO 是事件编码本体，而不是单一观测数据集。它将政治互动划分为二十个一级类别，从公开表态与合作延伸到胁迫、袭击、交战及非常规大规模暴力，是 GDELT、ICEWS 等主要事件数据库采用的基础编码体系。
Integrated Data for Events Analysis (IDEA)事件分析综合数据编码体系（IDEA）
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
IDEA is an event-form typology designed to integrate earlier coding systems, especially WEIS and the World Handbook protocols, while supporting more detailed actors and behaviors. IDEA-coded records appear in several historical event-data collections, including material associated with King and Lowe.IDEA 是一种事件类型编码体系，旨在整合 WEIS、World Handbook 等早期协议，并支持更细致的行为体和行为分类。若干历史事件数据集使用 IDEA 编码，其中包括与 King/Lowe 数据相关的材料。
Pevehouse-Goldstein International Cooperation and Regional Conflicts EventsPevehouse-Goldstein 国际合作与地区冲突事件数据
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The Pevehouse-Goldstein collection contains regional event files generated with KEDS from Reuters newswire leads. The records use source-verb-target coding, modified WEIS event categories, Goldstein weights, and regional provenance to study cooperation and conflict after the Cold War.Pevehouse-Goldstein 数据由 KEDS 根据 Reuters 新闻线索首句自动编码，使用“来源主体—行为—目标主体”结构、修订 WEIS 事件类别、Goldstein 权重和地区来源信息研究冷战后的合作与冲突。
King/Lowe 10 Million International Dyadic EventsKing/Lowe 千万级国际双边事件数据
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
King and Lowe's collection contains roughly ten million automatically coded international dyadic events, with source actor, target actor, event form, date, and related actor attributes. It is a major resource for studying directed cooperation and conflict patterns from 1990 to 2004.King 与 Lowe 的数据收录约一千万条自动编码的国际双边事件，包括来源主体、目标主体、事件类型、日期和相关主体属性，是研究 1990—2004 年有向合作与冲突关系的重要资料。
Rivalries, territory & contentious issues战略对抗、领土与争端议题
Study enduring rivalries, territorial transfers, and claims over land, rivers, and maritime space.研究持久性战略对抗、领土转移，以及陆地、河流和海洋空间主张。
Hewitt Crisis-Density RivalriesHewitt 危机密度对抗数据
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
Crisis-density rivalries identify interstate rivalries through the recurrence of international crises between the same pair of states, using crisis data from the International Crisis Behavior (ICB) project (Hewitt 2005). Each row is one crisis dyad: a pair of states that exchanged hostile actions during one international crisis, 1918-2001 - 778 crisis dyads belonging to 417 rivalries (345 isolated, 41 proto-rivalries, 31 enduring rivalries; the type counts are rivalries, not rows, because an enduring rivalry contributes more crisis dyads).危机密度对抗数据以国际危机行为（ICB）项目的危机记录为基础，通过同一对国家之间国际危机的反复发生来识别国家间对抗（Hewitt 2005）。每一行是一次危机双边对：一对国家在某次国际危机中发生敌对互动，1918-2001 年共 778 个危机双边对，隶属 417 个对抗（孤立对抗 345、雏形对抗 41、持久对抗 31；类型计数按对抗计而非按行计，因为持久对抗贡献的危机双边对更多）。
Klein-Goertz-Diehl Rivalry Dataset (RIV 5.10)Klein-Goertz-Diehl 对抗数据集 (RIV 5.10)
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The Klein-Goertz-Diehl (KGD) rivalry dataset identifies rivalries by behaviour: recurrent militarized interstate disputes (COW MIDs) between the same pair of states, linked by issue and time density (Klein, Goertz & Diehl 2006). Each row is one spell of hostility between a country pair, 1816-2001: 1,212 spells across 871 country pairs, of which 881 are isolated conflicts (usually one or two disputes, but the authors also place some longer strings here when all of their disputes are tied to a single war, e.g. US-Cambodia 1964-75) and 331 are rivalries under the current coding (246 proto and 85 enduring under the authors' previous classification, carried as a separate column).Klein-Goertz-Diehl（KGD）对抗数据集以行为定义对抗：同一对国家之间反复发生的军事化争端（COW MID），由议题关联与时间密度串联（Klein, Goertz & Diehl 2006）。每一行是一对国家之间的一段敌对时期，1816-2001 年共 1,212 段、涉及 871 个国家对；其中孤立冲突 881 段（多数仅一两次争端，但作者也会把全部争端都挂在同一场战争上的较长序列归入此类，如 1964-75 年的美柬），按现行编码的对抗 331 段（按作者旧分类另分出雏形对抗 246 段、持久对抗 85 段，以单独字段保留）。
Strategic Rivalries Data, 1816-2020战略对抗数据集，1816-2020
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
Strategic Rivalries Data (1494‑2020) identifies state‑pair strategic rivalries: pairs of states mutually perceiving each other as competitive threatening enemies. Original unit is dyad‑spell (continuous rivalry episode); transformed to dyad‑year panel. Dummy variables mark rivalry types: positional, spatial, ideological, interventionary, plus symmetric/asymmetric principal rivalries. Final observation year:2020.战略对抗数据集1494‑2020识别国家对之间的战略对抗关系：双方决策者互相将对方视作有竞争、有军事威胁的敌人。原始数据为dyad‑spell（对抗持续片段），本处理脚本转换为dyad‑year年度面板。虚拟变量标记对抗类型：地位型、领土型、意识形态型、干涉型，同时标记对称/非对称首要对抗。数据最后观测年份2020。
COW Territorial ChangeCOW 领土变更数据
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The Correlates of War Territorial Change dataset identifies and codes territorial transfers involving at least one nation-state from 1816 onward. It records the gaining and losing sides, territory, area, population, date, transfer procedure, independence status, and whether organized military conflict occurred.战争相关因素（COW）领土变更数据集记录 1816 年以来涉及至少一个民族国家的领土转移，包括获得方、失去方、被转移领土、面积、人口、日期、转移方式、独立状态及是否发生有组织军事冲突。
The ICOW Territorial Claims Data SetICOW领土争端数据集
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The Issue Correlates of War (ICOW) dataset systematically records interstate contentious‑issue disputes, including territorial, river, and maritime claims. It adopts multiple analytical units: claim‑level, dyadic‑claim‑level, dyad‑year‑level, and settlement‑attempt‑level observations. Covering mainly 1816‑2001, it documents claim origins‑terminations, issue salience (0‑12 index), peaceful/militarized settlement attempts, dispute escalation and outcomes, and follows the Correlates of War (COW) country‑code standard.战争相关问题数据集（ICOW）系统记录了国家间领土、河流、海洋三类主权与权益争端事件。数据集提供四类分析单元：争端总样本、双边争端样本、双边‑年度面板、争端解决尝试样本。样本时间跨度主要为 1816‑2001 年，记录争端起止时间、争端重要度（salience，0‑12 分值）、和平 / 军事化解决尝试、冲突升级过程与结果，编码兼容 COW（战争相关项目）国家编码体系。
Huth–Allee Territorial Claims Data, 1919–1995 (Outcome v3)Huth–Allee 领土主张数据，1919—1995 年（结果集 v3）
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The Huth–Allee Territorial Claims Outcome data accompany The Democratic Peace and Territorial Conflict in the Twentieth Century. Outcome version 3 is one of three author-provided parallel random draws used to remove duplicate observations when both sides jointly initiated negotiations or militarized disputes. It contains challenger-oriented dyad-month observations for negotiation rounds, militarized disputes, and no-action baselines from 1919 to 1995.Huth–Allee 领土主张结果数据是《二十世纪的民主和平与领土冲突》的配套复现资料。结果集 v3 是作者提供的三套平行随机抽样版本之一，用于在争端双方共同发起谈判或军事化争端时删除重复观测。数据以挑战方为中心，包含 1919—1995 年的谈判轮次、军事化争端和无行动基线等二元—月份记录。
Intrastate, civil, ethnic & non-state conflict data国内冲突、内战、族群与非国家冲突数据
Civil war, insurgency, communal violence, state failure, third-party intervention, repression, and terrorism within or across societies.覆盖内战、叛乱、族群暴力、国家失序、第三方介入、镇压与恐怖主义。
Civil war, insurgency & state failure内战、叛乱与国家失序
Identify conflict onset, armed actors, insurgent capacity, ethnic exclusion, intervention, and termination.识别冲突发生、武装行为体、叛乱能力、族群排斥、外部干预与终止。
UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict DatasetUCDP/PRIO 武装冲突数据集
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset records armed conflicts worldwide, 1946–present, where at least one party is a government and annual battle-related deaths reach at least 25. Each row is a conflict-year, capturing the fighting parties, conflict type (interstate, intrastate, internationalized intrastate, extrasystemic), intensity (minor/war), and incompatibility (territory/government).UCDP/PRIO 武装冲突数据集记录 1946 年至今全球范围内至少一方为政府且年度战斗死亡人数达到 25 人的武装冲突。每行为一个冲突-年观测，涵盖参战方、冲突类型（国家间/国内/国际化国内/殖民）、强度（小规模/战争）与争端性质（领土/政府），是冲突定量研究中最广泛使用的权威数据来源。
Armed Conflict Location & Event Data (ACLED)武装冲突地点与事件数据项目
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
ACLED codes global political violence and protest events in real-time from news and reports. This country-year summary aggregates events by country and year for trend analysis. Used for conflict exposure assessment near overseas project sites.ACLED从新闻和报告中实时编码全球政治暴力与抗议事件。此为国家—年份汇总数据，用于趋势分析和热点监测。可用于海外项目所在地冲突暴露评估和安全态势监测。
Correlates of Insurgency (Rage Against the Machines)叛乱关联数据集（Rage Against the Machines）
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The Correlates of Insurgency records 286 counterinsurgency (COIN) war cases fought by incumbent states against insurgencies, 1808-2005. Each row is one insurgency war case, coded from the incumbent's viewpoint. It captures the incumbent country and its COW code, start/end dates, the insurgent side, the war outcome (win/draw/loss), and a rich set of technology and military-capability indicators (machine-war era, railway use, mechanization, vehicles, military personnel, helicopters, great-power status, and CINC power share), plus insurgent external support. It is a core source for studying why incumbents win or lose counterinsurgency wars.叛乱关联数据集记录了 1808—2005 年间现政府（incumbent）对叛乱发动的 286 场反叛乱（COIN）战争案例，每一行是一场叛乱战争。数据以现政府视角编码，涵盖国家及其 COW 代码、起止时间、叛乱方、战争结果（胜/平/负），以及一组技术与军事实力指标（机械化时代、铁路运用、机械化水平、车辆数、军队规模、直升机、大国地位、CINC 国力份额），并包含叛乱方的外部支持情况。它是研究反叛乱战争胜负原因的核心数据。
Correlates of War (COW) Extra-State WarsCOW 域外战争数据（国家 vs 非国家实体）
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The Correlates of War Extra-State War dataset (v4.0) records wars fought between system-member states and non-state entities outside the state's borders from 1816 to 2007. It distinguishes colonial and imperial wars and documents participants, dates, outcomes, theaters, and battle deaths.COW 域外战争数据集（v4.0）记录 1816—2007 年国际体系成员国家与其边界之外非国家实体之间的战争，区分殖民战争与帝国战争，并记录参战方、日期、结局、战区和战斗死亡人数。
Correlates of War (COW) Intra-State WarsCOW 内战数据（国家内部战争）
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The Correlates of War Intra-State War dataset (v5.1) records civil, regional-internal, and intercommunal wars from 1816 to 2014. It documents the principal participants, dates, war type, outcome, battle deaths, and international intervention.COW 内战数据集（v5.1）记录 1816—2014 年的内战、地方性内部战争与族群间战争，包括主要参与方、起止时间、战争类型、结局、战斗死亡人数和国际干预。
Doyle–Sambanis Making War and Building Peace DataDoyle–Sambanis《战争与和平建设》数据
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
This is the case-level replication dataset for Doyle and Sambanis's Making War and Building Peace. Each row is one civil-war or post-conflict case, with war timing, conflict identity, war type, peace duration and failure measures, treaty variables, UN mandate and peace-operation indicators, troops, deaths, displacement, and outcomes. The master file contains 151 cases in 77 countries, with wars beginning from 1944 to 2000 and recorded endings through 2002. Bootstrap result files in the replication package are not treated as observations.本数据是 Doyle 与 Sambanis《战争与和平建设》的 case-level replication dataset。每行是一宗内战或战后案例，记录战争时间、冲突名称、战争类型、和平持续期与失败指标、条约、联合国授权与维和行动、部队、死亡、流离失所和结果。主文件含 77 个国家的 151 个案例，战争开始年份为 1944—2000 年，记录的结束年份延伸至 2002 年。replication package 中的 bootstrap 结果文件不作为观测。
Data on civil wars and internal conflict from 1945-19991945-1999年的内战和内部冲突数据集
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
This is a country‑year panel dataset covering 161 states from 1945‑1999, including civil war onset, per‑capita income, population, mountainous terrain share. It tests links between ethnic diversity, state capacity and civil conflict.这是一个国家‑年份面板数据集，覆盖1945‑1999年161个国家，包含内战爆发、人均收入、人口、山地地形占比，用于检验族群多样性、国家能力与国内武装冲突之间的关系。
Minorities at Risk (MAR)少数民族风险数据库
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The Minorities at Risk (MAR) Project is a university-based research project that monitors and analyzes the status and conflicts of politically-active communal groups in all countries with a current population of at least 500,000. The project is designed to provide information in a standardized format that aids comparative research and contributes to the understanding of conflicts involving relevant groups. Selected project materials on more than 284 groups (the MAR database and codebook as well as detailed historical chronologies) are available through this site for researchers, public officials, journalists, students, activists, and others interested in the topic.少数民族风险（MAR）项目是一个基于大学的研究项目，旨在监测和分析所有当前人口至少为50万的国家中政治上活跃的社群群体的地位与冲突状况。该项目旨在以标准化格式提供信息，以助益比较研究，并增进对涉及相关群体的冲突的理解。本网站向研究人员、政府官员、记者、学生、活动人士及其他对此主题感兴趣的人士提供关于超过284个群体的部分项目材料（包括MAR数据库、编码手册以及详细的历史大事记）。
Regan Interventions in Civil Wars (ICW), 1944-1999Regan 内战第三方干预数据（ICW），1944–1999
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
Regan's Interventions in Civil Wars (ICW) data record third-party interventions into intrastate conflicts and are used to study how outside involvement affects the duration of civil wars. This release is the replication file for Regan (2002, Journal of Conflict Resolution).Regan 内战干预数据（ICW）记录第三方对国内武装冲突的干预，用于研究外部介入如何影响内战持续时间。本表来自 Regan（2002，Journal of Conflict Resolution）的复制数据包。
PITF State Failure Problem Set (2018)PITF 国家失序问题集（2018）
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The PITF State Failure Problem Set records four types of instability: revolutionary wars, ethnic wars, adverse regime changes, and genocides/politicides. Each row is one official case-year from one of the four separate 2018 spreadsheets; episode start/end dates remain attached to every annual record. The files extend through 2018 and are suited to studying the timing, duration, and overlap of severe internal conflict and governance crises. Redistribution or reproduction permission may be required; that risk is recorded separately from the completed technical workflow.PITF 国家失序问题集记录革命战争、族群战争、不利政权更迭以及种族灭绝/政治清洗四类不稳定事件。每行是四张 2018 年官方表中一条 case-year 年度记录，并保留完整 episode 的起止时间。数据更新至 2018 年，适合研究严重内部冲突和治理危机的时间、持续期与重叠。本地输出仅用于内部清洗和 QA，公开再分发仍待书面许可。
Third-party management & peace processes第三方管理、维和与和平进程
Compare peacekeeping, mediation, conflict-management interventions, termination, and peace-agreement design.比较维和、调解、冲突管理介入、冲突终止与和平协定设计。
Peacekeeping and the Peacekept: Cease-Fire Episodes in Civil Wars (Fortna)Fortna 内战维和与停火维持数据集（Peacekeeping and the Peacekept）
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
Each row is one cease-fire / peace episode after a civil war (Doyle-Sambanis list), 156 episodes in total: 95 cease-fires from the post-Cold War sample (January 1989 to December 1999, coded by Fortna) and 61 earlier cease-fires from 1945-1988 used to establish the baseline difficulty of keeping peace. Peace is observed through December 31 2004. The raw Stata file stores spell periods: within-episode rows change when a peacekeeping mission deploys, changes mandate or leaves (192 rows for 156 cases). This registry collapses each episode into one row; mission variables show the highest peacekeeping type deployed during the episode (equivalent to the author's time-constant pkopC1).本登记册每一行对应内战之后的一个停火/和平阶段 episode（基于 Doyle-Sambanis 内战清单）。共 156 个 episode：95 个来自 1989 年 1 月至 1999 年 12 月之间的停火（后冷战主样本，由 Fortna 亲自编码），61 个为 1945–1988 年的较早停火，用于估计维持和平的基线难度。和平是否维持观察至2004 年 12 月 31 日。原始 Stata 文件按阶段切分：当维和任务部署、变更授权或撤离时同一 episode 会出现多行（192 行对应 156 个 episode）。本表将每个 episode 压缩为一行；维和变量取该阶段内部署的最高任务类型（与作者提供的时不变变量 pkopC1 等价，已在脚本中核验）。每行记录国家（保留原始 COW 代码并补充 ISO3）、停火日期与战争复发日期、和平持续时间、截至 2004 年底战争是否复发、战争结果（政府胜利、叛军胜利、休战或全面和解），以及是否有维和行动、任务类型（观察、隔离、多维、强制）与主导方。156 个 episode 中有 43 个在停火后部署过维和部队；84 个 episode 后战争再度爆发。
Third-Party Peacekeeping Missions, 1946-2014 (Version 3.1)第三方维和任务数据集（1946-2014，3.1 版）
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The Third-Party Peacekeeping Missions data set (Version 3.1) records 215 third-party peacekeeping operations deployed in 71 intrastate disputes worldwide between 1947 and 2014. Each row is one peacekeeping mission, i.e. one deployment episode of international personnel - by the United Nations, a regional intergovernmental organization, or a state or ad hoc group of states - into a country experiencing civil war, secession, or national-liberation conflict.第三方维和任务数据集（3.1 版）收录 1947 至 2014 年间部署于全球 71 场国家内冲突的 215 项第三方维和行动。每一行代表一个维和任务，即联合国、区域政府间组织或国家（及临时国家集团）向处于内战、分离或民族独立冲突中的国家派遣国际人员的一次部署（episode）。
UCDP Conflict Termination DatasetUCDP 冲突终止数据集
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The UCDP Conflict Termination Dataset codes how armed-conflict episodes end and what outcomes follow. This website output uses the official conflict-level product: each row is one conflict-year annual record, not a micro-level event, with conflict sides, location, intensity, episode identifiers, termination type, outcome, end date, and duration. It covers 1946-2024. The official dyad-year product is preserved as raw documentation and is not joined to conflict-year rows.UCDP 冲突终止数据集编码武装冲突 episode 如何结束及其后续结果。网站输出使用官方 conflict-level 产品：每行是一条冲突—年度记录，而非微观事件，包含冲突双方、地点、强度、episode 标识、终止类型、结果、结束日期和持续期，覆盖 1946—2024 年。官方 dyad-year 产品继续作为 raw 保留，不与 conflict-year 记录拼接。
UCDP Managing Intrastate Low-Intensity Conflict (MILC), v1.0UCDP 国内低烈度冲突第三方管理事件数据集（MILC）v1.0
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The UCDP Managing Intrastate Low-Intensity Conflict (MILC) dataset records third-party conflict-management attempts as events directed at low-intensity intrastate armed dyads worldwide for 1993-2004, coded by UCDP researchers from news sources (primarily Reuters). Each row is one event: an occurrence of a specific type of measure by a specific type of third party, continuous in time. An occurrence that engaged several types of third parties (for example states together with an IGO) is split into one row per type of third party.UCDP 国内低烈度冲突管理（MILC）数据集以事件方式记录 1993-2004 年间针对全球 国内低烈度武装冲突 dyad 的第三方冲突管理尝试，由 UCDP 依据新闻来源（主要为路透社）逐条编码。每行代表一个事件：某类第三方在时间上连续地采取某类措施的一次尝试；若同一次尝试涉及多种类型的第三方（例如若干国家与某政府间组织共同斡旋），则按第三方类型拆成多行。
UCDP Non-State Conflict DatasetUCDP 非国家冲突数据集
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The UCDP Non-State Conflict Dataset records organized armed conflict between non-state groups. Each row is one conflict-dyad-year, not a micro-level event, and reports the participating sides, location, region, and UCDP low, best, and high fatality estimates. Version 26.1 covers 1989-2025. Multi-country locations retain null ISO3 rather than being assigned to a single country.UCDP 非国家冲突数据集记录非国家团体之间的有组织武装冲突。每行是一个冲突—dyad—年度，而非微观事件，包含冲突双方、地点、区域以及 UCDP 的低值、最佳值和高值死亡估计。v26.1 覆盖 1989—2025 年。涉及多国的地点不强行归入单一国家，ISO3 保持为空。
UCDP One-sided Violence DatasetUCDP 一方暴力数据集
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The UCDP One-sided Violence Dataset records deliberate lethal violence by governments or formally organized groups against civilians. Each row is one actor-year, not a micro-level event, and reports the actor, location, region, and UCDP low, best, and high fatality estimates. Version 26.1 covers 1989-2025. Multi-country locations retain null ISO3 rather than being assigned to a single country.UCDP 一方暴力数据集记录政府或正式组织团体针对平民实施的故意致命暴力。每行是一个行为体—年度，而非微观事件，包含行为体、地点、区域以及 UCDP 的低值、最佳值和高值死亡估计。v26.1 覆盖 1989—2025 年。涉及多国的地点不强行归入单一国家，ISO3 保持为空。
UCDP Peace Agreement DatasetUCDP 和平协定数据集
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The UCDP Peace Agreement Dataset records agreements in active armed conflicts. Each row is one peace agreement and reports its date, conflict and dyad, signatory actors, agreement type, whether fighting ended, duration, and selected military, ceasefire, DDR, power-sharing, electoral, autonomy, federalism, peacekeeping, and gender provisions. Version 22.2 contains 374 agreements from 1975 through 2021. Long comments and full agreement text remain in the official raw file; the website payload retains the coded analysis fields and official full-text link.UCDP 和平协定数据集记录活跃武装冲突中的协定。每行是一份和平协定，包含日期、冲突与 dyad、签署行为体、协定类型、冲突是否结束、持续期，以及军事、停火、解除武装复员重返社会、权力分享、选举、自治、联邦制、维和与性别条款等编码。v22.2 含 1975—2021 年的 374 份协定。长篇备注和协定全文仍保留在官方 raw 中；网站载荷仅保留编码分析字段和官方全文链接。
Repression, political terror & terrorism政治镇压、政治恐怖与恐怖主义
Connect human-rights conditions and state repression with terrorist incidents, actors, targets, and responses.将人权状况与国家镇压同恐怖事件、行为体、目标及应对措施联系起来。
CIRI Human Rights Data ProjectCIRI 人权数据项目
Human Rights, Repression & Rule of Law人权、镇压与法治
The CIRI Human Rights Data Project scores government respect for fifteen internationally recognised human rights in nearly every country, annually from 1981 to 2011. Codings are made from the US State Department and Amnesty International country reports, following a published coding manual designed to keep scores comparable across countries and years.CIRI 人权数据项目对几乎所有国家 1981–2011 年间政府对十五项国际公认人权的尊重程度逐年编码，编码依据美国国务院与大赦国际的国别报告，并遵循公开的编码手册，以保证跨国跨年可比。
Political Terror Scale (PTS, 1976-2025)政治恐怖量表（PTS，1976–2025）
Human Rights, Repression & Rule of Law人权、镇压与法治
The Political Terror Scale measures state violence against persons (extrajudicial killings, torture, political imprisonment, disappearance) on a 1-5 scale, coded from annual reports of Amnesty International (pts_amnesty), Human Rights Watch (pts_hrw) and the U.S. State Department (pts_state); higher values indicate more severe state terror. This country-year panel covers 1976-2025.政治恐怖量表（PTS）基于大赦国际（pts_amnesty）、人权观察（pts_hrw）与美国国务院（pts_state）年度报告，按 1–5 级衡量国家对个人的暴力（法外处决、酷刑、政治监禁、失踪），取值越高代表国家恐怖越严重。本面板覆盖 1976–2025 年。
Global Terrorism Database (GTD)全球恐怖主义数据库
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
GTD is the most comprehensive open database of global terrorism incidents (1970-present, 1993 missing). 200,000+ events coded for attack type, target, weapons, casualties. This aggregated version groups events by country, year and attack type (event counts, fatalities, injuries).全球恐怖主义数据库由马里兰大学维护，收录1970年至今全球20万+起恐怖袭击事件，编码攻击类型、目标、武器、伤亡等百余字段。可用于量化东道国恐怖主义风险。 此版本按国家、年份和袭击类型进行聚合统计（含事件数、死亡人数、受伤人数）。
ICT International Terrorism DatabaseICT 国际恐怖主义数据库
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The International Institute for Counter-Terrorism maintains research resources on terrorist organizations, attacks, counter-terrorism, and regional security. The structured incident database cited in the disciplinary catalog is not offered as a stable public download.国际反恐研究所（ICT）维护有关恐怖组织、袭击事件、反恐政策和地区安全的研究资料。学科清单中提及的结构化事件数据库目前没有稳定的公开下载入口。
ITERATE — International Terrorism: Attributes of Terrorist EventsITERATE — 国际恐怖主义：恐怖事件属性数据库
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
ITERATE is a long-running dataset of transnational terrorist incidents from 1968 onward, compiled by Edward Mickolus and colleagues. Each incident records the date, location, attack and weapon type, perpetrators, victims, and casualties, with hostage/kidnapping negotiations and outcomes coded in companion files. It emphasises the international dimension of terrorism (cross-border actors or foreign victims) and is widely used alongside the GTD.ITERATE 是自 1968 年起持续编纂的跨国恐怖事件数据集，由 Edward Mickolus 等学者整理。每起事件记录发生日期、地点、袭击与武器类型、行为者、受害者及伤亡情况，并在配套文件中对人质/绑架谈判与结局进行编码。该库强调恐怖主义的国际维度（跨国行为者或外国受害者），常与 GTD 互为补充。
RAND Database of Worldwide Terrorism IncidentsRAND 全球恐怖主义事件数据库
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The retired RAND Database of Worldwide Terrorism Incidents contains 40,129 event records from 1968 through 2009. Each row is a reported terrorism incident and retains the fields used by the website: date, city, country, attributed perpetrator, weapon, and fatalities. The complete raw CSV, including narrative descriptions and injuries, remains preserved; those unused fields are omitted only from the static website payload. The data support research on the location, timing, methods, and human consequences of terrorist attacks.已退役的 RAND 全球恐怖主义事件数据库包含 1968—2009 年的 40,129 条事件记录。每行是一宗报告的恐怖主义事件，保留网站实际使用的日期、城市、国家、被归因的实施者、武器和死亡人数。包含文字描述和受伤人数的完整原始 CSV 继续保留；这些未使用字段仅从静态网站载荷中省略。数据适合研究恐袭的时空分布、手段与人员后果。
U.S. State Department Country Reports on Terrorism美国国务院《各国恐怖主义报告》
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
Country Reports on Terrorism is an annual collection of narrative country and regional assessments covering terrorist threats, incidents, organizations, counter-terrorism measures, and international cooperation. It is a report series rather than a consistent downloadable event-level dataset.《各国恐怖主义报告》是按年度发布的国家和地区叙事性评估，内容涵盖恐怖威胁、事件、组织、反恐措施与国际合作。它是一套报告集合，而不是口径一致、可直接下载的事件级数据库。
Conflict management data冲突管理数据
Cross-cutting resources on mediation, crisis management, contentious-issue settlement, peace agreements, and conflict termination.集中呈现调解、危机管理、争端议题解决、和平协定与冲突终止等跨领域资料。
Mediation, settlement & termination调解、争端解决与冲突终止
Examine who manages conflicts, which strategies are used, and when agreements or termination endure.考察冲突由谁管理、采用何种策略，以及协定或终止结果何时能够持续。
Bercovitch International Conflict Management DatasetBercovitch 国际冲突管理数据库
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The Bercovitch conflict-management research program codes international mediation and negotiation attempts after 1945, including disputants, conflict characteristics, mediator attributes, strategies, outcomes, and durability. Published studies describe a large event-level collection used to evaluate when mediation succeeds.Bercovitch 冲突管理研究对 1945 年以来的国际调解与谈判尝试进行编码，包括争端方、冲突特征、调解者属性、策略、结果及其持续性，用于研究调解在何种条件下取得成功。
The International Crisis Behavior (ICB) Version 16 datasets - Actor-Level国际危机行为（ICB）16版数据集——行为体层级
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The most recent versions of the primary ICB data sets (Version 16) contain information for all crises occurring during the 1918-2021 period. The datasets include information on 512 international crises, 1,131 crisis actors, and 1,000 crisis dyads. There are 39 protracted conflicts.ICB2 actor‑level dataset: one row = one state‑actor participating in an international crisis. One multi‑party crisis will generate multiple event‑rows (one for each participating state). 最新版本的主要 ICB 数据集（版本 16）包含 1918-2021 年期间发生的所有危机的信息。数据集包括 512 个国际危机、1,131 个危机参与者和 1,000 个危机双边关系的信息。其中有 39 个长期冲突。ICB2行为体层级数据集：一行代表一个国家参与某一场国际危机。多方参与的同一场危机将生成多条记录。
The ICOW Territorial Claims Data SetICOW领土争端数据集
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The Issue Correlates of War (ICOW) dataset systematically records interstate contentious‑issue disputes, including territorial, river, and maritime claims. It adopts multiple analytical units: claim‑level, dyadic‑claim‑level, dyad‑year‑level, and settlement‑attempt‑level observations. Covering mainly 1816‑2001, it documents claim origins‑terminations, issue salience (0‑12 index), peaceful/militarized settlement attempts, dispute escalation and outcomes, and follows the Correlates of War (COW) country‑code standard.战争相关问题数据集（ICOW）系统记录了国家间领土、河流、海洋三类主权与权益争端事件。数据集提供四类分析单元：争端总样本、双边争端样本、双边‑年度面板、争端解决尝试样本。样本时间跨度主要为 1816‑2001 年，记录争端起止时间、争端重要度（salience，0‑12 分值）、和平 / 军事化解决尝试、冲突升级过程与结果，编码兼容 COW（战争相关项目）国家编码体系。
PA-X Peace Agreements Database (v10)PA-X 和平协定数据库（v10）
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
PA-X v10 is a global registry of 2,257 peace agreements signed between 1990 and 2025. Each row is one agreement and records its date, conflict, region, status, agreement type, process stage, parties, third parties, and selected coded provisions. It is designed for research on agreement design, inclusion, implementation, power sharing, ceasefires, and other negotiated responses to conflict.PA-X v10 是一份全球和平协定登记库，收录 1990—2025 年签署的 2,257 份协定。每行是一份协定，记录日期、冲突、地区、状态、协定类型、进程阶段、签署方、第三方以及若干条款编码，适合研究协定设计、包容性、执行、权力分享、停火及其他谈判式冲突应对。
UCDP Conflict Termination DatasetUCDP 冲突终止数据集
International Conflict & Security国际冲突与安全
The UCDP Conflict Termination Dataset codes how armed-conflict episodes end and what outcomes follow. This website output uses the official conflict-level product: each row is one conflict-year annual record, not a micro-level event, with conflict sides, location, intensity, episode identifiers, termination type, outcome, end date, and duration. It covers 1946-2024. The official dyad-year product is preserved as raw documentation and is not joined to conflict-year rows.UCDP 冲突终止数据集编码武装冲突 episode 如何结束及其后续结果。网站输出使用官方 conflict-level 产品：每行是一条冲突—年度记录，而非微观事件，包含冲突双方、地点、强度、episode 标识、终止类型、结果、结束日期和持续期，覆盖 1946—2024 年。官方 dyad-year 产品继续作为 raw 保留，不与 conflict-year 记录拼接。