Latent Judicial Independence (Linzer & Staton)司法独立潜变量指数（Linzer-Staton）

The Latent Judicial Independence (LJI) index is a country-year latent variable measuring de facto judicial independence in 200+ jurisdictions from 1900 to 2015. It is estimated from 50 de facto indicators (constitutional review, executive constraints, turnover, decisions against the state, etc.) with a dynamic item-response model; higher values indicate more independent courts. The dataset also reports the posterior standard deviation of each estimate.

Historical entities without a current ISO3 (USSR, Czechoslovakia, East/West Germany, the two Yemens, Yugoslavia) are dropped; only current ISO3 entities are kept so the world map renders fully.

司法独立潜变量指数（LJI）是基于动态项目反应模型、从宪法审查、行政约束、法官更替、政府败诉等 50 余个事实性（de facto）指标估计的国家—年潜变量，覆盖 1900–2015 年 200 余个司法辖区，取值越高代表法院越独立，并附每个估计的后验标准差。

无现行 ISO3 的历史实体（苏联、捷克斯洛伐克、东西德、两个也门、南斯拉夫）已剔除，仅保留现行 ISO3 实体，保证世界地图完整渲染。