Bilateral Swap Agreements
315 agreements · 2002–2021 · 51 central banks & monetary authorities
Xun Pang
Professor
School of International Studies, Peking University
Director, PKU Analytics Lab for Global Risk Politics
Political methodologist and professor of international relations. Research focuses on causal inference, Bayesian statistics, longitudinal data modeling, and AI–social science interdisciplinary innovation. Associate Editor of Political Analysis.
Collaborators
Overview
A longitudinal record of 315 bilateral swap agreements signed by central banks and monetary authorities between 2002 and 2021— covering 51 jurisdictions across 96 unique bilateral pairs. Currency swap lines are one of the major layers of the global financial safety net: they let central banks exchange currencies and provide liquidity to one another in periods of stress.
Each row in the panel records a signed agreement (with renewals tracked as separate rows linked back to their original via swap_id). The dataset is compiled from central-bank press releases, official announcements, and major news reports — full source URLs are included on the Agreements tab.
At a Glance
Annual signings, top signatories, and the cap-currency mix — drill into the Network and Agreements tabs for the full views.
Annual Signings & Active Agreements
Bars = newly-signed (originals + renewals) per year. Dashed line = total agreements active in each year.
Top 12 Signatories
Total agreements involving each country/entity (any side).
Currency Cap Mix
Annual breakdown of cap denomination — USD, EUR, no-cap, or bilateral local.
Related Research & Sources
Selected work using this dataset, plus institutional context
Moral Hazard in Global Cooperation Networks: Evidence from Bilateral Swap Agreements
Liu, Q., & Pang, X.
International Studies Quarterly (accepted, forthcoming)
China's Bilateral Swap Agreements and Foreign Policy
Liu, Q., Pang, X., & Vreeland, J. R.
Review of International Political Economy, 2026
Currency swap lines as a layer of the global financial safety net
Bank for International Settlements & IMF reference materials
Background reading on the institutional context for central-bank liquidity arrangements